Exploring Factors Shaping Farmer Behavior in Wastewater Utilization for Agricultural Practices: A Rapid Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Review Approach
2.2. Selection Process and Eligibility Criteria
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics of Selected Studies
3.2. Determinants of Farmers’ Adoption of Wastewater
- Environmental risks (n = 10);
- Health risks (n = 11);
- Farmers’ perceptions of public institutions (n = 8);
- Knowledge of the practice (n = 5);
- Religious beliefs (n = 4);
- Climate change (n = 6);
- Willingness to pay (WTP) (n = 9).
3.2.1. Environmental Risks
3.2.2. Health Risks
3.2.3. Farmers’ Perception of Public Institution
3.2.4. Knowledge of the Practice
3.2.5. Religious Beliefs
3.2.6. Yuck Factor
3.2.7. Farmers’ Attitudes towards Climate Change
3.2.8. Willingness to Pay (WTP)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Criterion | Inclusion | Exclusion |
---|---|---|
n.1 Language | English | All languages other than English |
n.2 Year of publication | 2000–2023 | Before 2000 |
n.3 Source type | Articles, Reviews, Book chapters | All others |
n.4 Study focus | Study focusing on farmers socio-behavioral factors influencing the use of wastewater in agriculture | Overly technical work with no reference to the socio-behavioral aspects of farmers |
Author | Title | Study Area | Socio-Behavioral Factors |
---|---|---|---|
Adams et al., 2023 | Urban agriculture and farmers’ willingness to pay for treated wastewater: Insights from vegetable producers in the greater Accra metropolis of Ghana | Ghana | Driving factors of WTP (experience) |
Al-Najar et al., 2019 | The effect of education level on accepting the reuse of treated effluent in irrigation | Palestine | Education |
Alsa’di, A. et al., 2023 | Utilization of treated municipal effluent for irrigating agricultural land in Palestine: The driving factors and existing practices | Palestine | Disgust, worries about the quality, health concern |
Antwi-Agyei et al., 2016 | Risk perceptions of wastewater use for urban agriculture in Accra, Ghana | Ghana | Health risk perception, awareness |
Arimiyaw et al., 2020 | On-farm urban vegetable farming practices and health risk perceptions of farmers in Kumasi | Ghana | Health risk perception |
Bakopoulou et al.,2020 | Investigation of farmers’ willingness to pay for using recycled water for irrigation in Thessaly region, Greece | Greece | Driving factors of WTP (attitude toward climate change) |
Ballesteros et al., 2022 | Using reclaimed water to cope with water scarcity: an alternative for agricultural irrigation in Spain | Spain | Health risk perception, yuck factor, perception of public institutions |
Birol et al., 2008 | Evaluating farmers’ preferences for wastewater: Quantity and quality aspects | Cyprus | Driving factors of WTP (attitude and perception toward product obtained from wastewater) |
Carr et al., 2011 | Water reuse for irrigation in Jordan: Perceptions of water quality among farmers | Jordan | Perception of wastewater quality |
Dare et al., 2018 | Farmer perceptions regarding irrigation with treated wastewater in the West Bank, Tunisia, and Qatar | Tunisia, Qatar, Palestine | Farmers perception about health, environment, perception of public institutions role, religious beliefs |
Deh-Haghi et al., 2020 | Farmers’ acceptance and willingness to pay for using treated wastewater in crop irrigation: A survey in western Iran | Iran | Driving factors of WTP (risk perception and education) |
Faour et al., 2023 | Growers’ irrigation practices, knowledge, trust, and attitudes toward wastewater reuse in Lebanon, Jordan, and Tunisia through a food safety lens | Lebanon, Jordan, Tunisia | Knowledge of the practice, attitude, trust in institutions |
Friedrichsen et al.,2021 | Yuck! Plural Valuation of Constructed Wetland Maintenance for Decentralized Wastewater Treatment in Rural India | India | Social and cultural aspect, yuck factor |
Genius et al., 2012 | Assessing preferences for wastewater treatment in a rural area using choice experiments | Greece | Driving factors of WTP (education) |
Haldar et al., 2021 | Institutional challenges and stakeholder perception towards planned water reuse in peri-urban agriculture of the Bengal delta | Bangladesh | Awareness, environmental perception, willingness, psychological aversion |
Hamdan et al., 2022 | Willingness of farmers to use treated wastewater for irrigation in the West Bank, Palestine | Palestine | Perception, attitudes, role of regulations, religious beliefs |
Houessiononet al., 2017. | Economic valuation of ecosystem services from small-scale agricultural management interventions in Burkina Faso: A discrete choice experiment approach | Burkina Faso | Driving factors of WTP (preference toward wastewater) |
Jiménez et al., 2011 | Agricultural water reuse in Nicaragua: Extent, actual practices, perception and perspectives | Nicaragua | Perception of public institutions |
Keraita et al., 2008 | Perceptions of farmers on health risks and risk reduction measures in wastewater-irrigated urban vegetable farming in Ghana | Ghana | Health and environment risk perception |
Khanpae et al., 2020 | Farmers’ attitude towards using treated wastewater for irrigation: The question of sustainability | Iran | Attitudes, environmental and health perception |
Mahjoub et al., 2022 | Use of groundwater and reclaimed water for agricultural irrigation: Farmers’ practices and attitudes and related environmental and health risks | Tunisia | Environmental awareness, acceptance, perceived regulations |
Majoub et al., 2018 | Public Acceptance of Wastewater Use in Agriculture: Tunisian Experience | Tunisia | Environmental awareness, social acceptance |
Maleksaeidi et al., 2018 | Vegetable farmers’ knowledge, attitude and drivers regarding untreated wastewater irrigation in developing countries: A case study in Iran | Iran | Knowledge, health and environmental concerns |
Mayilla et al., 2017 | Perceptions of using low-quality irrigation water in vegetable production in Morogoro, Tanzania | Tanzania | Perception of water quality |
Menegaki et al., 2009 | What’s in a name: Framing treated wastewater as recycled water increases willingness to use and willingness to pay | Greece | Driving Factors of WTP (disgust, regulations awareness) |
Michetti et al., 2019 | Interpreting farmers’ perceptions of risks and benefits concerning wastewater reuse for irrigation: A case study in Emilia-Romagna (Italy) | Italy | Environmental risk perception, knowledge |
Mojid et al., 2010 | Farmers’ perceptions and knowledge in using wastewater for irrigation at twelve peri-urban areas and two sugar mill areas in Bangladesh | Bangladesh | Health perceptions, knowledge |
Owusu V., 2015 | Safer Irrigation Technologies under Uncertainty: Evidence from Ghana | Ghana | Health concerns |
Owusu et al., 2012 | Perception on untreated wastewater irrigation for vegetable production in Ghana | Tunisia | Health risk perception |
Petousi et al., 2015 | Farmers’ Experience, Concerns and Perspectives in Using Reclaimed Water for Irrigation in a Semi-Arid Region of Crete, Greece | Greece | Perception of institutions, experience |
Qureshi et al., 2022 | Challenges and prospects of using treated wastewater to manage water scarcity crises in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries | Arab Emirates | Attitude towards climate change |
Rekha et al., 2010 | Farmers’ perception of treated paper mill effluent irrigation | India | Education, risk orientation |
Ricart and Rico, 2019 | Assessing technical and social driving factors of water reuse in agriculture: a review on risks, regulation and the yuck factor | Global | Environmental risk perception, health risk perception, perception of public institutions |
Ricart et al.,2019 | Risk-yuck factor nexus in reclaimed wastewater for irrigation: comparing farmers attitude and public perception | Global | Environmental risk perception, health risk perception, perception of public institutions |
Ricart and Rico-Amorós et al., 2021 | Constructed wetlands to face water scarcity and water pollution risks: learning from farmers’ perception in Alicante, Spain | Spain | Environmental risk perception, health risk perception, perception of public institutions |
Saldías et al., 2017 | Understanding farmers’ preferences for wastewater reuse frameworks in agricultural irrigation: lessons from a choice experiment in the Western Cape, South Africa | India | Driver factors of WTP (regulations awareness, environment perception) |
Saldias et al., 2016 | Stakeholders’ attitude towards the reuse of treated wastewater for irrigation in Mediterranean agriculture | South Africa | Acceptance, trust in institutions |
Saliba et al., 2018 | Stakeholders’ attitude towards the reuse of treated wastewater for irrigation in Mediterranean agriculture | Italy | Social acceptance, institutional awareness |
Sheidaeia et al., 2016 | Farmers’ attitude towards wastewater use in Fars Province, Iran | Iran | Health risk perception, environmental risk perception, institutions |
Sohail et al., 2021 | Farmers’ awareness about impacts of reusing wastewater, risk perception and adaptation to climate change in Faisalabad district, Pakistan | Pakistan | Climate change risk perception |
Suri et al., 2019 | U.S. farmers’ opinions on the use of nontraditional water sources for agricultural activities | USA | Health risk perception, knowledge |
van Opstal et al., 2012 | A participatory modelling approach to define farm-scale effects of reclaimed wastewater irrigation in the Lockyer Valley, Australia | Australia | Institutional involvement, he |
Woldetsadik et al., 2018 | Farmers’ perceptions on irrigation water contamination, health risks and risk management measures in prominent wastewater-irrigated vegetable farming sites of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia | Ethiopia | Perception of health risk, religious beliefs |
Study Area | WTP Range | Currency | EUR/PPP Adjusted |
---|---|---|---|
Iran | 1,200,000–1,800,000 | Rials/ha | 29.40–37.70 |
Bangladesh | 22–40 | USD/per cropping season | 0.18–0.33 |
Palestine (West Bank) | 0–0.58 | USD/m3 | 0.14 |
Tunisia | 0–0.30 | USD/h | 0.089 |
South Africa | 2.76–3.07 | ZAR/m3 | 0.15–0.17 |
Greece | Up to 0.10 | EUR/m3 | Up to 0.10 |
Cyprus | 0.025–0.37 | CYP-m3 | 0.012–0.041 |
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Mirra, L.; Russo, S.; Borrello, M. Exploring Factors Shaping Farmer Behavior in Wastewater Utilization for Agricultural Practices: A Rapid Review. Sustainability 2024, 16, 2870. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072870
Mirra L, Russo S, Borrello M. Exploring Factors Shaping Farmer Behavior in Wastewater Utilization for Agricultural Practices: A Rapid Review. Sustainability. 2024; 16(7):2870. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072870
Chicago/Turabian StyleMirra, Laura, Simone Russo, and Massimiliano Borrello. 2024. "Exploring Factors Shaping Farmer Behavior in Wastewater Utilization for Agricultural Practices: A Rapid Review" Sustainability 16, no. 7: 2870. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072870