Pathway to a Sustainable Energy Economy: Determinants of Electricity Infrastructure in Nigeria
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Electricity Consumption and Economic Growth
2.2. Electricity Consumption and Ecological Footprint
2.3. Energy Consumption and Economic Growth
2.4. Electricity Generation and Economic Growth
2.5. Electricity Generation, Economic Growth, Socio-Political Factors
Literature on Substitution Effect
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Methodology
3.2. Estimation Strategies
3.3. The ARDL Bound Testing Model
3.4. Substitutional Effect Model
General-to-Specific Estimation Techniques
4. Results
4.1. Stability Test Result
4.2. Bootstrap ARDL Technique Results
4.3. Diagnostic Test
4.4. Robustness Check
4.4.1. Introducing the Control Variables
4.4.2. [26] Causality Test Results
4.4.3. Results Regarding the Mediating Role of Socio-Political Factors
4.5. The Results of the GETs MODEL
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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ADF Unit Root Test | PV Unit Root Test | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | ‘At Level’ | First Differences | Variables | ‘At Level’ | First Differences | ||
t-Stat. | t-Stat. | t-Stat. | SBD | t-Stat. | SBD | ||
−0.801 | −6.218 *** | −2.711 | 2000 | −7.165 *** | 2010 | ||
−1.522 | −4.109 *** | −2.602 | 2003 | −5.102 *** | 2014 | ||
−1.106 | −5.855 *** | −3.566 | 2010 | −7.122 *** | 2018 | ||
−0.929 | −4.077 *** | −2.013 | 2009 | −4.609 *** | 2014 | ||
−0.811 | −4.804 *** | −2.105 | 1996 | −5.448 *** | 2003 | ||
−1.114 | −5.032 *** | −3.625 | 2011 | −5.182 *** | 2017 | ||
−0.498 | −3.004 *** | −1.045 | 2008 | −3.402 *** | 2019 | ||
−0.7441 | −3.624 *** | −1.182 | 2004 | −5.098 *** | 2008 |
Bootstrap ARDL | Diagnostic Tests | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Test | Value | CV at 5% | Test | Test Statistics | p-Values |
F-statistics | 3.660 *** | 3.544 | Jarque-Bera | 0.644 | 0.703 |
T-dependence | −3.554 *** | −3.228 | Ramsey Reset | 1.187 | 0.239 |
F-dependence | 4.618 *** | 4.23 | BPG | 1.172 | 0.359 |
BG-LM | 0.245 | 0.769 |
Variables | Coefficients | Std. Error | t-Statistic |
---|---|---|---|
0.033 *** | 0.0844 | 14.4544 | |
0.0569 ** | 0.0071 | 8.0988 | |
0.1285 *** | 0.0143 | 9.0237 | |
−0.2988 *** | 0.0283 | 6.8445 | |
0.0945 *** | 0.0233 | 3.4982 | |
0.0447 | 0.0431 | 2.0665 | |
0.0987 *** | 0.1162 | 2.2099 | |
−0.3228 *** | 0.0451 | 1.7662 | |
−0.413 | 0.1052 | 2.5669 |
Variables | Coefficients | Std. Error | t-Statistic |
---|---|---|---|
0.046 *** | 0.0454 | 13.7544 | |
0.039 ** | 0.0051 | 14.0584 | |
0.034 *** | 0.0264 | 14.5349 | |
0.0419 ** | 0.0051 | 8.0128 | |
0.1202 ** | 0.0173 | 9.0147 | |
0.2078 *** | 0.0403 | 6.2025 | |
0.9032 * | 0.0143 | 2.1512 | |
0.945 ** | 0.0332 | 2.1062 | |
0.816 *** | 0.0417 | 2.1007 | |
0.0387 *** | 0.0821 | 2.0815 | |
0.0917 * | 0.1032 | 2.2009 | |
0.4128 * | 0.0331 | 1.7012 | |
−0.419 | 0.1014 | 1.7091 |
Variables | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
- | 0.7032 *** | 0.8207 ** | 0.9157 *** | 0.9004 *** | |
0.0145 *** | - | 0.6126 | 0.3409 *** | 0.3176 | |
0.9033 | 0.7443 | - | 0.1807 | 0.5521 | |
0.0672 *** | 0.0633 *** | 0.8221 ** | - | 0.0988 *** | |
0.8507 | 0.7842 | 0.2119 | 0.0193 | - |
Variables | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.329 *** (4.18) | 1.6101 *** (3.05) | 1.154 *** (5.46) | 1.109 ** (0.77) | 0.922 (1.31) | 0.164 *** (4.05) | |
0.031 *** (10.29) | ||||||
0.041 *** (11.01) | ||||||
0.0257 *** (5.19) | ||||||
−0.0545 *** (5.15) | ||||||
0.0134 [0.021] | 0.0138 [0.021] | 0.079 [0.002] | 0.084 [0.004] | −0.1556 * [0.024] | −0.158 [0.014] | |
0.027 *** [0.051] | 0.0205 ** [0.052] | 0.0256 *** [0.025] | 0.0904 ** [0.052] | 0.186 * [0.034] | 0.148 * [0.015] | |
0.035 *** [0.051] | 0.158 ** [0.032] | 0.741 *** [0.003] | 0.035 * [0.025] | 0.137 ** [0.044] | 0.145 * [0.021] | |
−0.251 [0.007] | −0.108 [0.005] | −0.343 [0.004] | −0.445 [0.013] | 0.154 * [0.044] | 0.182 * [0.014] | |
3603.55 *** | 7.4 × 104 *** | 51203.04 *** | 2.6 × 105 *** | 15224.01 *** | 1544f8.09 *** |
Panel A: Final Model Specification Results in Dynamic Form | ||
---|---|---|
Variables | Coefficients | p-Value |
InGENCAP | 0.7095 | 0.0005 |
InRGDP | 0.3351 | 0.0332 |
InREN | −4.0021 | 0.0433 |
InNREC | −0.5112 | 0.0044 |
InECOF | 0.4328 | 0.0065 |
Structural dates | ||
I:1986 | −0.3566 | −0.4476 |
S1:1999 | 0.4223 | 0.0338 |
S1:2007 | −1.177 | 0.0000 |
D1:2016 | 1.0432 | 0.0000 |
R-Square | 0.8743 | |
Adjusted R-Square | 0.7705 |
Panel A: Long-Run Coefficients | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
REC | NREC | I:1986 | SI:1999 | SI:2003 | DI:2016 |
−0.0911 *** | −0.7322 *** | −0.4103 ** | 0.2336 *** | −1.0033 *** | 0.8771 *** |
Panel B: Diagnostic tests results | |||||
AR 1–2 test | ARCH 1–1 test | Normality Test | Hetero test | Hetero-X | RESET 23 Test |
2.7524 [0.0825] | 0.4033 [0.5113] | 0.4211 [0.7211] | 1.1001 [0.4048] | 0.7433 [0.6022] | 0.3044 [0.7331] |
Panel C: Cointegration test results | |||||
−6.3422 ** | |||||
Panel D: Non-linearity test results | |||||
Chi-square 14.658 [0.4011] | F-form 0.65448 [0.7443] |
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Tabash, M.I.; Oseni, E.; Ahmed, A.; Elsantil, Y.; Daniel, L.N.; Lawal, A.I. Pathway to a Sustainable Energy Economy: Determinants of Electricity Infrastructure in Nigeria. Sustainability 2024, 16, 2953. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072953
Tabash MI, Oseni E, Ahmed A, Elsantil Y, Daniel LN, Lawal AI. Pathway to a Sustainable Energy Economy: Determinants of Electricity Infrastructure in Nigeria. Sustainability. 2024; 16(7):2953. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072953
Chicago/Turabian StyleTabash, Mosab I., Ezekiel Oseni, Adel Ahmed, Yasmeen Elsantil, Linda Nalini Daniel, and Adedoyin Isola Lawal. 2024. "Pathway to a Sustainable Energy Economy: Determinants of Electricity Infrastructure in Nigeria" Sustainability 16, no. 7: 2953. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072953