Diversified Filtering Mechanism for Evaluation Indicators of Urban Road Renewal Schemes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Related Work
2.1. Extraction of Urban Road Renewal Project Features
2.2. Urban Renewal Assessment and Decision Making
2.2.1. Indicator System Construction
- (1)
- Social dimension: Local residents and governments prioritize social indicators in road renewal projects [36,37]. This dimension assesses the quality and timeliness of service performance and whether road renewal aligns with local social development plans [37,38]. Indicators include resident satisfaction [15,17] and infrastructure service cycle [10].
- (2)
- (3)
- Environmental dimension: This dimension primarily examines whether impacts on noise [10], water [15,16], and ecological environments [15,16] during both the construction and subsequent use of road renewal projects are effectively managed to meet environmental operational standards and ensure public satisfaction [15,17].
2.2.2. Weighting and Scheme Decision
2.2.3. The Adaptability of Our Research Methods
- (1)
- Constructing evaluation indicators for urban road renewal schemes driven by sustainability concepts.
- (2)
- Employing LDA to extract urban road renewal features from diverse text data. LDA is suitable for handling lengthy, semantically rich texts generated during urban road renewal, and its output topics are easily interpretable.
- (3)
- Utilizing a text similarity algorithm to map different project features to decision-making indicators, facilitating matching and filtering between indicators and projects.
- (4)
- Integrating the widely used Entropy Weight–TOPSIS method to assign weights and rank scheme-based filtered indicators, thereby forming final evaluation and decision results.
3. Methodology
3.1. Module 1: Construct an Evaluation Indicator System for Urban Road Renewal Schemes
3.2. Module 2: Extract and Classify Urban Road Renewal Project Features
3.3. Module 3: Develop an Urban Road Renewal Scheme Evaluation Indicator-Filtering Mechanism
3.4. Module 4: Conduct Comprehensive Decision-Making for Urban Road Renewal Schemes
4. Evaluation Framework with Embedded Renewal Project Features
4.1. Module 1: Construct an Evaluation Indicator System for Urban Road Renewal Schemes
4.1.1. Facility Renewal
4.1.2. Economic Renewal
4.1.3. Social Renewal
4.2. Module 2: Extract and Classify Urban Road Renewal Project Features
4.2.1. Data Acquisition and Pre-Processing
- (1)
- Extracting “core information”: Identifying and extracting urban renewal content, goals, techniques, and scale from each document.
- (2)
- Removing “duplicate information”: Retaining only one instance of content when the same information was referenced across multiple documents. These principles effectively reduced noise in the training set, enhancing the feature extraction of the model to some extent. Finally, all text data were merged and converted into CSV format to serve as a corpus for the LDA.
4.2.2. Analysis of Urban Road Renewal Project Features
- (1)
- Urban Road Quality Enhancement focuses on addressing the deterioration of urban roads, with an emphasis on restoring facilities and performance. This involves repairing and maintaining aspects such as road structure and materials to address issues affecting the lifecycle, performance, and safety of urban roads caused by vehicle operations, overloading, natural disasters, traffic accidents, etc., thereby improving the aging of municipal facilities and extending their service lives.
- (2)
- Urban Road Traffic Enhancement focuses on enhancing the primary function of urban roads—serving as transportation routes—by improving road traffic capacity and accommodating traffic volume through projects such as lane additions, road widening, and road retrofitting.
- (3)
- Urban Road Function Expansion focuses on expanding the ancillary functions of urban roads to meet the needs of the public, involving projects that add amenities such as sound barriers, guardrails, and ecological features like landscape greening (e.g., flower bed design) to enhance ecological and social functions.
- (4)
- Urban Road Utility Enhancement focuses on meeting requirements for urban sustainability, resilience, cultural heritage preservation and dissemination, and the development of smart cities, resulting in urban road renewal projects which are aligned with government development policies and surrounding industry upgrades. This includes comprehensive renewals such as technology application renewal, intelligent equipment, lighting, drainage, and pipelines.
4.3. Module 3: Develop an Urban Road Renewal Scheme Evaluation Indicator-Filtering Mechanism
4.3.1. TF-IDF and Cosine Similarity Calculation Process
- (1)
- Based on the evaluation indicators and their corresponding explanations of urban road renewal scheme assessments, descriptive texts related to indicator definitions, key information, etc., can be easily compiled from sources in the literature. Similarly, based on the classification definitions of urban road renewal projects, descriptive texts containing objectives and significant content are gathered as descriptive texts for the renewal projects. A manual pre-filtering of texts is conducted to enhance data quality.
- (2)
- Using the custom dictionary and Jieba segmentation tool in Python, the two descriptive text datasets (i.e., the urban road renewal indicator dataset and the project features dataset) are segmented into words, and the segmented text is then processed into a bag-of-words corpus. This allows for the further analysis and processing of the text data.
- (3)
- The “Term Frequency” (TF), which is the frequency of a word appearing in a text, is calculated as shown in Formula (1), where n represents the number of non-repeating words in all texts; nij indicates the occurrences of a specific word i in a text j; and is the sum of the occurrences of all words in the text j.
- (4)
- Based on the obtained TF, weights can be assigned to each word. The “Inverse Document Frequency” (IDF) is utilized to weight the TF, as shown in Formula (2), where D is the number of texts; and represents the number of texts containing a specific word i. If the number of texts containing a specific word i is smaller, then the IDF value of i is higher, indicating that the weight is higher.
- (5)
- The TF-IDF value of a specific word i is calculated by multiplying the TF and IDF. A higher TF-IDF value for a specific word indicates its greater importance in the text, signifying its ability to effectively measure the information content of the specific word in individual text and its degree of differentiation across different texts in the corpus [49].
- (6)
- The semantic sets of project features are paired with the semantic sets of decision indicators; and the cosine similarity of the paired texts is calculated, representing the similarity between mapping project features and evaluation indicators for renewal schemes, as shown in Formula (3).
4.3.2. Explanation of Result Similarity between Project Features and Evaluation Indicators
4.4. Module 4: Conduct Comprehensive Decision-Making for Urban Road Renewal Schemes
5. Case Study
5.1. Project Background and Explanation of Alternative Schemes
5.2. Application and Results of the Decision Framework
5.3. Comparative Analysis
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Renewal Dimension | Indicator Categories | Indicator Name | Indicator Description | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Facility Renewal | State of road network structure | Connectivity of road network | It describes the strength of road-based interconnection between nodes in the region. It is characterized by whether the expected degree value is greater than the original degree value after the implementation of the scheme. | (Lin et al., 2021; W. Du et al., 2021) [7,33] |
Agglomeration of road network | It outlines the degree of connectivity or clustering between each node and all other nodes in the renewal road network. It is characterized by the change in the average shortest path length from each node to all other nodes in the renewal road network after the implementation of the scheme. | (Lin et al., 2021; Benseny et al., 2023) [7,42] | ||
Accessibility of road network | It reflects the level of connectivity between the road network and urban functional zones. It is characterized by the change in the depth value of road network nodes after the implementation of the scheme. | (Lin et al., 2021; Benseny et al., 2023) [7,42] | ||
Performance of main structure | Performance of roadbed | It describes the extent to which the scheme is expected to improve the structural performance of the roadbed. | (W. Du et al., 2021; Berthelot et al., 2010; Petkevičius et al., 2010) [33,51,52] | |
Performance of road surface | It describes the extent to which the scheme is expected to improve the structural performance of the road pavement. | (Berthelot et al., 2010; Petkevičius et al., 2010) [51,52] | ||
Condition of auxiliary facility | Extent of overhaul of pipework | It reflects whether the scheme takes road-related municipal infrastructure and piping systems, such as water supply and drainage, into account. | (Dawood et al., 2020) [34] | |
Extent of overhaul of safety facilities | It reflects whether the traffic safety facilities are fixed in the scheme to improve reliability. | (Makarova et al., 2020) [53] | ||
Extent of landscape greenery construction | It reflects changes in the diversity and refinement of the roadscape anticipated after road renewal. | (X. Zheng et al., 2020) [35] | ||
State of traffic | Changes in traffic flow | It reflects the real-time traffic operation status of the updated road network section. | (Lin et al., 2021; Mouratidis & Papageorgiou, 2010; Benseny et al., 2023) [7,39,42] | |
Changes in traffic saturation | It reflects the degree of improvement in the calculated value of the scheme’s expected traffic saturation. | |||
Utilization of public transportation | It reflects whether the renewal scheme measures have led to an increase in public transportation points or enriched the diversity of travel modes for residents. | (Hemphill et al., 2004) [18] | ||
Condition of construction | Construction safety and security | It reflects whether the safety and security measures, safety and security system, and safety equipment in the project are sound. | (Makarova et al., 2020) [53] | |
Intelligence level | It reflects whether the renewal project uses new technologies, new materials, and intelligent equipment for construction. | (Deveci et al., 2024; Waqar et al., 2023) [43,44] | ||
Economic Renewal | Economy | Engineering costs | It reflects how much the scheme anticipates the need for restoration-, conservation-, and construction-related costs. | (Aguacil et al., 2017) [25] |
Construction cycle | It describes the duration of the scheme from the start of formal construction to full operational use. | (Aguacil et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2017) [25,45] | ||
Economic Net Present Value | It describes whether the economic net present value of the project is expected to be enhanced. | (Wang et al., 2017; Donaldson & Du Plessis, 2013) [45,54] | ||
Payback period | It describes the evaluation of the ability to recover project investment. | |||
Impact on local economic development | It reflects whether the scheme is expected to drive the surrounding economy, including increases in employment, the share of the service industry, etc. | (Ibrahim & Shaker, 2019; Qi et al., 2023) [1,10] | ||
Reuse of resources | It reflects whether the scheme involves measures to reuse established resources. | (Ibrahim & Shaker, 2019) [10] | ||
Social Renewal | Society | Resident satisfaction | The percentage of the total population in the questionnaire that supports the update. | (Thomson et al., 2009; Yıldız et al., 2020) [15,17] |
Compliance with policy | It describes whether the renewal scheme complies with laws and regulations enacted at the national level and local level. | (Doğan et al., 2020; Tian et al., 2021) [37,38] | ||
Consistency with social needs | It describes whether the renewal program takes the current needs of society into account. | (T. Du et al., 2020; Doğan et al., 2020) [36,37] | ||
Long-term service | It describes the extent to which program measures are expected to extend the service life of the project outcome. | (Ibrahim & Shaker, 2019) [10] | ||
Culture | Cultural preservation and adaptability | It describes the expected integration of the updated road into the surrounding buildings and the degree of humanistic environmental protection. | (Hemphill et al., 2004; He et al., 2023; S. Zheng et al., 2023) [18,19,20] | |
Environment | Bioenvironmental pollution | It describes whether the program is expected to destroy biodiversity after implementation. | (Yıldız et al., 2020; Sun et al., 2017) [15,16] | |
Water pollution | A comparative analysis of sewage treatment and pipe-laying before and after the renewal scheme’s implementation. | |||
Noise pollution | It describes whether the project program involves measures to reduce construction noise. | (Ibrahim & Shaker, 2019) [10] | ||
Air pollution | It describes the extent to which the program’s expected emissions of exhaust pollutants will affect the atmosphere. | (Huang et al., 2020) [55] | ||
Disposal of construction waste | It describes whether the scheme involves measures for engineering waste disposal. |
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Renewal Dimension | Indicator Categories | Indicator Name | |
---|---|---|---|
Facility Renewal | State of road network structure | Connectivity of road network | Accessibility of road network |
Agglomeration of road network | |||
Performance of the main structure | Performance of roadbed | Performance of road surface | |
Condition of auxiliary facility | Extent of overhaul of pipework | Extent of landscape greenery construction | |
Extent of overhaul of safety facilities | |||
State of traffic | Changes in traffic flow | Utilization of public transportation | |
Changes in traffic saturation | |||
Condition of construction | Construction safety and security | Intelligence level | |
Economic Renewal | Economy | Engineering costs | Payback period |
Construction period | Impact on local economic development | ||
Economic Net Present Value | Reuse of resource | ||
Social Renewal | Society | Resident satisfaction | Consistency with social needs |
Compliance with policy | Long-term service | ||
Culture | Cultural preservation and adaptability | ||
Environment | Bioenvironmental pollution | Air pollution | |
Water pollution | Disposal of construction waste | ||
Noise pollution |
Data Sources | Typical Management Texts |
---|---|
Management texts | “Feasibility Report on the Inner Ring Elevated Facilities Enhancement and Functional Improvement Project (Siping Roa—Zhengben Road)” |
“Special Report on Shanghai Inner Ring Elevated Project Rejuvenation Program Study” | |
“Feasibility Report on Jiyang Road (Lupu Bridge—Minhang District Border) Rapid Reconstruction Project” | |
“Feasibility Report on G15 JiaLiu section widening and reconstruction project” | |
…… | |
Academic texts | Typical academic texts |
“Research on Road Upgrading Planning in the Renewal of Beijing’s Old City” | |
“Analysis of Enhancement Strategies for Road Landscape Reconstruction in Urban Renewal: A Case Study of Jihua Road in Foshan” | |
“Research and Practice of Comprehensive Urban Road Improvement under Urban Renewal Context” | |
“Renovation and Reconstruction of Drainage Facilities of Inner Ring Viaduct Road” | |
“Brief Discussion on the Renewal and Management of Underground Pipelines in Linfen” | |
“Exploration of “White to Black” Construction Technology in Municipal Road Renovation: A Case Study of Jiangcun Avenue in Jingde County” | |
…… | |
Note: A total of 84 textdocuments from the literature were retrieved through the retrieval methods. Retrieval methods: Documents were retrieved from China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) using an advanced search with the query “topic = road renewal”; the search was limited to journals published from 2010 to 2021. |
Topic 1 | Topic 2 | Topic 3 | Topic 4 | Topic 5 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Adding | Retrofitting | Landscape | Traffic | Structure |
Facilities | Widening | City | Street | Design |
Space | Riding | Culture | Construction | Restoration |
Function | Landscape | History | Retrofitting | Disease |
Upgrade | Lanes | Road Network | Organization | Maintenance |
Demand | Settings | Development | Social | Regeneration |
Access | Sidewalk | Environment | Adjustment | Municipalities |
Public | Greening | Transportation | Space | Vitality |
Greening | Conversion | Protection | Facilities | Investigation |
Surroundings | Residents | System | Junction | Speed |
Benefits | Use | Mode | Grade | Engineering |
Coordination | Traffic | Planning | Projections | Planning |
Landscape | Facilities | Construction | Traffic volume | Analysis |
Rest | Ground | Perfection | Demand | Driving |
Nodes | Environment | Design | Mode | Environmental Protection |
Topic | Keywords |
---|---|
Quality Enhancement | structure; design; restoration; disease; maintenance; regeneration; municipalities; vitality; investigation; speed |
Traffic Enhancement | retrofitting; widening; lanes; sidewalk; traffic; construction; junction; grade; projections; traffic volume |
Function Expansion | adding; facilities; function; space; upgrade; demand; access; public; greening; surroundings |
Utility Enhancement | landscape; city; culture; history; road network; development; environment; transportation; protection; system |
Renewal Object | Total Number | Renewal Measures | Scheme (1) | Scheme (2) | Scheme (3) | Scheme (4) | Scheme (5) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Large Bridge | 6 | Widening and reconstruction | 5 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
Demolition and reconstruction | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Medium Bridge | 9 | Widening and reconstruction | 7 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 7 |
Repair and reinforcement | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | ||
Demolition and new construction | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Small Bridge | 14 | Widening and reconstruction | 11 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 11 |
Repair and Reinforcement | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | ||
Box Culvert | 11 | New construction | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 |
Widening and reconstruction | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | ||
Interchange (Large Bridge) | 1 | Partial demolition and reconstruction | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Interchange (Medium Bridge) | 2 | Demolition and reconstruction | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Evaluation Dimension | Evaluation Indicators | Indicator Quantification | Similarity (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Facility renewal | Connectivity of road network | Average of shortest path lengths from node ni to all other nodes in road network | 65.13 |
Facility renewal | Agglomeration of road network | Average of depth values for each node ni of road network | 37.57 |
Facility renewal | Accessibility of road network | Average of number of nodes ni of road network directly connected to other nodes | 40.17 |
Facility renewal | Performance of road surface | Pavement Performance Index | 25.88 |
Facility renewal | Changes in traffic flow | Number of traffic entities or equivalents passing through location, section, or lane of road during certain time period | 34.65 |
Facility renewal | Changes in traffic saturation | Saturation = maximum traffic count/maximum capacity | 32.73 |
Facility renewal | Construction safety and security | Expert rating on Likert scale from 1 to 5 | 36.89 |
Facility renewal | Intelligence level | Expert rating on a Likert scale from 1 to 5 | 25.08 |
Economic renewal | Engineering costs | The estimated total investment amount of the project | 19.73 |
Economic renewal | Construction cycle | Period from start to end of project | 18.17 |
Economic renewal | Impact on local economic development | Expert rating on Likert scale from 1 to 5 | 19.56 |
Social renewal | Resident satisfaction | Questionnaire score | 25.88 |
Social renewal | Consistency with social needs | Expert rating on Likert scale from 1 to 5 | 25.54 |
Social renewal | Cultural preservation and adaptability | Expert rating on Likert scale from 1 to 5 | 27.24 |
Social renewal | Noise pollution | Expert rating on Likert scale from 1 to 5 | 31.91 |
Evaluation Indicators | Scheme (1) | Scheme (2) | Scheme (3) | Scheme (4) | Scheme (5) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Connectivity of road network | 260 | 239 | 320 | 247 | 235 |
Agglomeration of road network | 8 | 6 | 9 | 4 | 7 |
Accessibility of road network | 3.36 | 3.69 | 3.22 | 3.16 | 3.38 |
Performance of road surface | 93 | 92 | 95 | 94 | 90 |
Changes in traffic flow | 2481 | 3564 | 2832 | 4189 | 137 |
Changes in traffic saturation | 0.74 | 0.78 | 0.7 | 0.69 | 0.72 |
Construction safety and security | 4 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 3 |
Intelligence level | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 2 |
Engineering costs | 189,961.82 | 196,983.63 | 179,934.54 | 168,942.35 | 187,648.83 |
Construction cycle | 3 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 3 |
Impact on local economic development | 5 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Resident satisfaction | 4 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 |
Consistency with social needs | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 |
Cultural preservation and adaptability | 4 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 4 |
Noise pollution | 3 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 3 |
Evaluation Indicators | Entropy Value | Variance Coefficients | Weights |
---|---|---|---|
Connectivity of road network | 0.572158773 | 0.427841227 | 0.118557518 |
Agglomeration of road network | 0.828926199 | 0.171073801 | 0.047405635 |
Accessibility of road network | 0.720351209 | 0.279648791 | 0.077492454 |
Performance of road surface | 0.828926199 | 0.171073801 | 0.047405635 |
Changes in traffic flow | 0.771119505 | 0.228880495 | 0.063424237 |
Changes in traffic saturation | 0.722102269 | 0.277897731 | 0.077007224 |
Construction safety and security | 0.64663833 | 0.35336167 | 0.097918761 |
Intelligence level | 0.826381267 | 0.173618733 | 0.048110852 |
Construction cycle | 0.683029066 | 0.316970934 | 0.087834657 |
Engineering costs | 0.775661981 | 0.224338019 | 0.062165488 |
Impact on local economic development | 0.840095369 | 0.159904631 | 0.044310588 |
Noise pollution | 0.826381267 | 0.173618733 | 0.048110852 |
Resident satisfaction | 0.826381267 | 0.173618733 | 0.048110852 |
Consistency with social needs | 0.683029066 | 0.316970934 | 0.087834657 |
Cultural preservation and adaptability | 0.840095369 | 0.159904631 | 0.044310588 |
Renewal Schemes | Ranking Results | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Renewal Scheme (1) | 0.141853022 | 0.182627031 | 0.437170237 | 5 |
Renewal Scheme (2) | 0.193905568 | 0.170992529 | 0.531396489 | 3 |
Renewal Scheme (3) | 0.186890727 | 0.177443003 | 0.512965756 | 4 |
Renewal Scheme (4) | 0.193796666 | 0.163710526 | 0.54207767 | 2 |
Renewal Scheme (5) | 0.194058549 | 0.155042957 | 0.555880012 | 1 |
Evaluation Indicators | Scheme (1) | Scheme (2) | Scheme (3) | Scheme (4) | Scheme (5) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Connectivity of road network | 260 | 239 | 320 | 247 | 235 |
Agglomeration of road network | 8 | 6 | 9 | 4 | 7 |
Accessibility of road network | 3.36 | 3.69 | 3.22 | 3.16 | 3.38 |
Performance of roadbed | 79 | 82.8 | 86.4 | 81.9 | 83 |
Performance of road surface | 93 | 92 | 95 | 94 | 90 |
Extent of overhaul of pipework | 2 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 5 |
Overhaul of safety facilities | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 |
Extent of landscape greenery construction | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
Changes in traffic flow | 2481 | 3564 | 2832 | 4189 | 3137 |
Changes in traffic saturation | 0.74 | 0.78 | 0.7 | 0.69 | 0.72 |
Utilization of public transportation | 2 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 2 |
Construction safety and security | 4 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 3 |
Intelligence level | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 2 |
Engineering costs | 189,961.82 | 196,983.63 | 179,934.54 | 168,942.35 | 187,648.83 |
Construction cycle | 3 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 3 |
Economic Net Present Value | 67,633 | 67,235 | 68,063 | 68,627 | 68,939 |
Payback period | 16.21 | 17.35 | 15.66 | 14.93 | 14.52 |
Impact on local economic development | 5 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Reuse of resources | 3 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 3 |
Resident satisfaction | 4 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 |
Compliance with policy | 4 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 5 |
Consistency with social needs | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 5 |
Long-term service | 10 | 11 | 8 | 10 | 12 |
Cultural preservation and adaptability | 2 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 3 |
Bioenvironmental pollution | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Water pollution | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
Noise pollution | 3 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 3 |
Air pollution | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Disposal of construction waste | 5 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 |
Renewal Schemes | Ranking Results | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Renewal Scheme (1) | 0.171987725 | 0.111071444 | 0.664682692 | 3 |
Renewal Scheme (2) | 0.134796848 | 0.164838344 | 0.374806857 | 5 |
Renewal Scheme (3) | 0.166162916 | 0.133191666 | 0.600362912 | 4 |
Renewal Scheme (4) | 0.183486136 | 0.104954818 | 0.31154321 | 2 |
Renewal Scheme (5) | 0.183271937 | 0.103603962 | 0.518245694 | 1 |
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Du, J.; Liu, B.; Wu, Y.; Li, X.; Sugumaran, V. Diversified Filtering Mechanism for Evaluation Indicators of Urban Road Renewal Schemes. Sustainability 2024, 16, 3638. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16093638
Du J, Liu B, Wu Y, Li X, Sugumaran V. Diversified Filtering Mechanism for Evaluation Indicators of Urban Road Renewal Schemes. Sustainability. 2024; 16(9):3638. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16093638
Chicago/Turabian StyleDu, Juan, Bing Liu, Yimeng Wu, Xiufang Li, and Vijayan Sugumaran. 2024. "Diversified Filtering Mechanism for Evaluation Indicators of Urban Road Renewal Schemes" Sustainability 16, no. 9: 3638. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16093638