Impact of Ship Emission Control Area Policies on Port Air Quality—A Case Study of Ningbo Port, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Contribution of Ship Emissions to SO2 Concentration
3.2. Contribution of Ship Emissions to NO2 Concentration
3.3. Contribution of Ship Emissions to PM2.5 Concentration
3.4. Contribution of Ship Emissions to PM10 Concentration
4. Robustness Tests
4.1. Polynomial Order Test
4.2. Local Linear Regression Test
4.3. Continuity Test for Covariates
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Obs. | Mean. | Std. Dev. | Min. | Max. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jan-1 | SO2 | 610 | 25.331 | 32.896 | 15.72 | 539.982 |
NO2 | 610 | 114.884 | 56.919 | 25.568 | 661.196 | |
PM2.5 | 610 | 61.162 | 38.765 | 0 | 191 | |
PM10 | 610 | 73.104 | 43.312 | 0 | 227 | |
W-direct | 610 | 207.877 | 102.748 | 0 | 334 | |
W-speed | 610 | 3.300 | 3.079 | 0 | 13.5 | |
Count | 610 | 3.839 | 12.211 | 0 | 68 | |
Jan-2 | SO2 | 612 | 937.660 | 1323.41 | 18.34 | 5107.69 |
NO2 | 612 | 231.617 | 162.942 | 56.964 | 1690.87 | |
PM2.5 | 612 | 56.702 | 35.709 | 2 | 195 | |
PM10 | 612 | 67.482 | 39.010 | 3 | 213 | |
W-direct | 612 | 192.701 | 60.062 | 23 | 323 | |
W-speed | 612 | 3.935 | 2.828 | 0.4 | 12.3 | |
Count | 612 | 34.630 | 24.002 | 0 | 159 | |
Feb-1 | SO2 | 476 | 24.745 | 23.575 | 20.436 | 326.452 |
NO2 | 476 | 107.024 | 35.805 | 9.776 | 262.448 | |
PM2.5 | 476 | 44.476 | 38.898 | 6 | 217 | |
PM10 | 476 | 53.850 | 45.689 | 8 | 251 | |
W-direct | 476 | 149.199 | 100.078 | 33 | 334 | |
W-speed | 476 | 2.643 | 1.560 | 0.4 | 8.3 | |
Count | 476 | 10.588 | 17.619 | 0 | 75 | |
Feb-2 | SO2 | 476 | 786.236 | 1181.65 | 21.222 | 4997.38 |
NO2 | 476 | 336.429 | 347.921 | 74.448 | 3130.76 | |
PM2.5 | 476 | 39.855 | 37.183 | 3 | 254 | |
PM10 | 476 | 47.611 | 41.947 | 5 | 275 | |
W-direct | 476 | 218.407 | 49.947 | 111 | 345 | |
W-speed | 476 | 2.943 | 1.580 | 0.6 | 10.2 | |
Count | 476 | 36.993 | 28.117 | 0 | 134 | |
Mar-1 | SO2 | 375 | 20.110 | 11.121 | 9.956 | 150.65 |
NO2 | 375 | 99.318 | 91.535 | 1.692 | 834.532 | |
PM2.5 | 375 | 39.378 | 33.722 | 0 | 155 | |
PM10 | 375 | 47.224 | 38.545 | 0 | 171 | |
W-direct | 375 | 153.944 | 82.651 | 32 | 336 | |
W-speed | 375 | 1.702 | 1.360 | 0.2 | 7.3 | |
Count | 375 | 3.352 | 6.516 | 0 | 33 | |
Mar-2 | SO2 | 400 | 554.473 | 960.625 | 10.218 | 5088.30 |
NO2 | 400 | 218.740 | 194.321 | 1.88 | 1728.47 | |
PM2.5 | 400 | 34.867 | 28.359 | 0 | 129 | |
PM10 | 400 | 41.992 | 32.745 | 0 | 140 | |
W-direct | 400 | 236.052 | 61.112 | 51 | 325 | |
W-speed | 400 | 2.826 | 1.617 | 0.4 | 9.3 | |
Count | 400 | 34.937 | 31.978 | 0 | 150 |
Jan-1-SO2 | Feb-1-SO2 | Mar-1-SO2 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(a) | (b) | (a) | (b) | (a) | (b) | |
r | 20.32 (17.7007) | 24.13 (18.1092) | −3.300 (5.0707) | −4.323 (4.8915) | −2.792 (2.5514) | −2.165 (2.4655) |
Cons. | 23.21 ** (9.3945) | 31.14 *** (9.5861) | 24.47 *** (5.0682) | 28.85 *** (4.5467) | 20.89 *** (2.4394) | 22.22 *** (2.5981) |
W-direct | −0.0259 (0.0199) | −0.0206 * (0.0110) | −0.0114 (0.0070) | |||
W-speed | −2.485 *** (0.8395) | −0.376 (0.3486) | 0.270 (0.3771) | |||
Obs. | 610 | 610 | 476 | 476 | 375 | 375 |
R2 | 0.023 | 0.064 | 0.029 | 0.034 | 0.225 | 0.226 |
AIC | 5981.5348 | 5957.6179 | 4351.1048 | 4350.8248 | 2777.9489 | 2779.5645 |
BIC | 6016.8425 | 6001.7525 | 4376.0973 | 4384.1481 | 2809.3643 | 2818.8337 |
Order | 9 | 9 | 2 | 2 | 9 | 9 |
Jan-2-SO2 | Feb-2-SO2 | Mar-2-SO2 | ||||
r | −1112.7 *** (164.0574) | −1008.2 *** (170.8893) | −1039.0 (738.2869) | −1019.2 (731.1258) | −124.9 (131.8672) | −166.8 (130.0576) |
Cons. | 1282.0 *** (121.1226) | 1044.0 *** (236.3485) | 923.0 ** (362.0540) | 1173.0 ** (467.9427) | 414.5 *** (109.5450) | 446.4 * (251.3828) |
W-direct | 1.379 (0.8898) | −0.0146 (1.2270) | −0.673 (0.8346) | |||
W-speed | −10.04 (16.8009) | −108.7 *** (40.3243) | 63.84 ** (25.0253) | |||
Obs. | 612 | 612 | 476 | 476 | 400 | 400 |
R2 | 0.025 | 0.027 | 0.097 | 0.110 | 0.115 | 0.126 |
AIC | 10523.1569 | 10524.0205 | 8044.7901 | 8038.1446 | 6584.2698 | 6581.2427 |
BIC | 10540.8239 | 10550.5209 | 8098.9405 | 8096.4605 | 6600.2357 | 6605.1915 |
Order | 1 | 1 | 9 | 9 | 1 | 1 |
Jan-1-NO2 | Feb-1-NO2 | Mar-1-NO2 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(a) | (b) | (a) | (b) | (a) | (b) | |
r | 15.41 (17.2224) | −2.503 (15.7757) | −40.37 ** (18.1622) | −18.13 (17.4438) | −67.79 *** (24.5960) | −60.72 ** (23.4476) |
Cons. | 137.7 *** (12.8295) | 146.8 *** (10.8008) | 141.8 *** (16.3041) | 128.4 *** (15.6854) | 129.2 *** (14.0936) | 142.2 *** (16.0923) |
W-direct | 0.0981 *** (0.0214) | 0.0964 *** (0.0155) | −0.0930 (0.0565) | |||
W-speed | −11.22 *** (1.0504) | −6.879 *** (1.0050) | −0.179 (3.5119) | |||
Obs. | 610 | 610 | 476 | 476 | 375 | 375 |
R2 | 0.162 | 0.319 | 0.240 | 0.343 | 0.260 | 0.261 |
AIC | 6556.7985 | 6432.1928 | 4629.5417 | 4561.8532 | 4343.6122 | 4344.8338 |
BIC | 6592.1062 | 6476.3274 | 4667.0305 | 4607.6728 | 4378.9545 | 4388.0300 |
Order | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
Jan-2-NO2 | Feb-2-NO2 | Mar-2-NO2 | ||||
r | −105.9 *** (25.6175) | −110.1 *** (26.6484) | −55.10 * (126.6651) | −135.7 (144.7711) | −138.6 *** (44.4093) | −68.94 (139.6391) |
Cons. | 291.2 *** (17.8754) | 398.3 *** (31.4622) | 272.8 *** (74.3734) | 196.2 * (104.9382) | 322.0 *** (26.2869) | 256.9 *** (97.3885) |
W-direct | −0.334 *** (0.1013) | 0.743 * (0.3925) | 0.256 * (0.1367) | |||
W-speed | −14.72 *** (2.3567) | −37.16 *** (11.1258) | −20.18 *** (5.9190) | |||
Obs. | 612 | 612 | 476 | 476 | 400 | 400 |
R2 | 0.054 | 0.106 | 0.054 | 0.093 | 0.392 | 0.411 |
AIC | 7941.4128 | 7908.6692 | 6903.1777 | 6884.9722 | 5157.6357 | 5139.4242 |
BIC | 7959.0798 | 7935.1695 | 6957.3282 | 6947.4535 | 5181.5845 | 5183.3303 |
Order | 1 | 1 | 9 | 9 | 2 | 9 |
Jan-1-PM2.5 | Feb-1-PM2.5 | Mar-1-PM2.5 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(a) | (b) | (a) | (b) | (a) | (b) | |
r | 145.8 *** (22.9480) | 122.4 *** (20.4822) | −24.50 (15.4778) | −30.25 ** (13.9494) | 3.229 (30.0205) | −10.60 (24.8634) |
Cons. | 61.08 *** (20.8383) | 39.00 ** (17.5397) | 68.16 *** (15.1040) | 33.34 ** (13.8869) | 55.20 *** (14.1616) | 31.76 *** (10.2995) |
W-direct | 0.145 *** (0.0150) | 0.133 *** (0.0180) | 0.150 *** (0.0200) | |||
W-speed | 2.132 *** (0.5265) | 2.926 *** (1.0331) | 3.329 *** (1.0605) | |||
Obs. | 610 | 610 | 476 | 476 | 375 | 375 |
R2 | 0.383 | 0.545 | 0.217 | 0.344 | 0.457 | 0.592 |
AIC | 5901.5872 | 5717.1799 | 4722.3069 | 4640.3390 | 3478.4248 | 3372.9327 |
BIC | 5936.8949 | 5761.3145 | 4759.7957 | 4686.1586 | 3513.7671 | 3416.1288 |
Order | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
Jan-2-PM2.5 | Feb-2-PM2.5 | Mar-2-PM2.5 | ||||
r | 76.74 *** (20.0382) | 89.04 *** (21.8726) | 41.71 * (22.9094) | 45.31 * (23.4297) | 2.800 (16.3733) | 5.897 (17.3511) |
Cons. | 89.92 *** (18.1255) | 93.07 *** (19.0162) | 14.00 ** (5.5101) | 20.27 ** (9.2260) | 59.40 *** (12.9843) | 80.57 *** (14.1172) |
W-direct | −0.111 *** (0.0205) | −0.0311 (0.0246) | −0.0854 *** (0.0211) | |||
W-speed | 3.044 *** (0.6019) | 0.206 (0.9895) | 1.359 (1.0168) | |||
Obs. | 612 | 612 | 476 | 476 | 400 | 400 |
R2 | 0.207 | 0.291 | 0.584 | 0.584 | 0.520 | 0.520 |
AIC | 5975.1594 | 5910.4167 | 4381.5632 | 4383.5231 | 3523.6482 | 3523.6482 |
BIC | 6023.7434 | 5972.2509 | 4431.5482 | 4441.8390 | 3579.5287 | 3579.5287 |
Order | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
Jan-1-PM10 | Feb-1-PM10 | Mar-1-PM10 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(a) | (b) | (a) | (b) | (a) | (b) | |
r | 165.0 *** (26.2679) | 139.7 *** (23.7836) | −28.72 (20.8694) | −34.45 * (18.6786) | −0.562 (32.9106) | −15.98 (27.3660) |
Cons. | 75.60 *** (23.7386) | 52.25 ** (20.2866) | 86.04 *** (20.6905) | 45.37 ** (18.9740) | 67.64 *** (15.2023) | 41.65 *** (11.3769) |
W-direct | 0.157 *** (0.0173) | 0.157 *** (0.0206) | 0.165 *** (0.0220) | |||
W-speed | 2.027 *** (0.6057) | 3.094 *** (1.1705) | 3.896 *** (1.1666) | |||
Obs. | 610 | 610 | 476 | 476 | 375 | 375 |
R2 | 0.386 | 0.531 | 0.231 | 0.355 | 0.488 | 0.616 |
AIC | 6033.7600 | 5871.6454 | 4867.2453 | 4785.4347 | 3557.1202 | 3451.0289 |
BIC | 6069.0677 | 5915.7800 | 4904.7340 | 4831.2543 | 3592.4626 | 3494.2250 |
Order | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
Jan-2-PM10 | Feb-2-PM10 | Mar-2-PM10 | ||||
r | 91.96 *** (22.1721) | 156.4 *** (13.7461) | 45.24 * (23.7854) | 50.29 ** (24.8519) | 3.903 (17.1823) | 7.486 (17.8837) |
Cons. | 106.1 *** (20.0962) | 81.49 *** (9.3967) | 18.31 *** (6.3158) | 29.15 *** (10.6915) | 70.53 *** (13.8841) | 93.23 *** (15.2305) |
W-direct | −0.107 *** (0.0246) | −0.0421 (0.0295) | −0.0911 *** (0.0235) | |||
W-speed | 2.954 *** (0.5653) | −0.756 (1.1045) | 1.134 (1.0790) | |||
Obs. | 612 | 612 | 476 | 476 | 400 | 400 |
R2 | 0.202 | 612 | 0.559 | 0.559 | 0.526 | 0.555 |
AIC | 6086.6830 | 0.242 | 4525.7206 | 4525.7136 | 3627.7743 | 3602.3244 |
BIC | 6135.2670 | 6061.3193 | 4579.8710 | 4584.0295 | 3667.6889 | 3646.2305 |
Order | 9 | 3 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
Jan-1-SO2 | Feb-1-SO2 | Mar-1-SO2 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(a) | (b) | (a) | (b) | (a) | (b) | |
r | 2.773 (15.6710) | 7.282 (16.0302) | −10.62 ** (4.3417) | −2.103 (8.1437) | −2.824 (2.5663) | −2.041 (2.4371) |
Cons. | 31.83 *** (9.4605) | 35.51 *** (9.7983) | 36.17 *** (4.6429) | 22.95 *** (7.4002) | 22.73 *** (2.2561) | 22.84 *** (2.3146) |
W-direct | −0.0162 (0.0172) | −0.0230 (0.0192) | −0.0230 ** (0.0115) | −0.0204 * (0.0123) | −0.0109 (0.0069) | −0.0109 (0.0070) |
W-speed | −2.413 *** (0.8320) | −2.632 *** (0.8903) | −0.284 (0.3303) | −0.459 (0.5338) | 0.243 (0.3282) | 0.184 (0.3873) |
Obs. | 610 | 610 | 476 | 476 | 375 | 375 |
Order | 7 | 8 | 1 | 4 | 7 | 8 |
Jan-2-SO2 | Feb-2-SO2 | Mar-2-SO2 | ||||
r | −924.4 *** (249.0654) | −972.6 *** (310.5208) | −1338.0 (960.1964) | −1706.8 (1.2 × 103) | −177.9 (187.6219) | 40.62 (366.9013) |
Cons. | 933.9 *** (301.4602) | 787.7 ** (355.8400) | 963.6 ** (404.1852) | 1119.8 ** (467.2127) | 562.9 * (288.8566) | 75.89 (402.1538) |
W-direct | 1.365 (0.8843) | 1.307 (0.8923) | 0.161 (1.2162) | 0.123 (1.2247) | −0.731 (0.8472) | −0.696 (0.9011) |
W-speed | −8.063 (18.6425) | −3.315 (18.8445) | −99.02 ** (39.7765) | −98.39 ** (40.1291) | 60.50 ** (26.8508) | 41.06 (33.4134) |
Obs. | 612 | 612 | 476 | 476 | 400 | 400 |
Order | 2 | 3 | 6 | 8 | 2 | 9 |
Jan-1-NO2 | Feb-1-NO2 | Mar-1-NO2 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(a) | (b) | (a) | (b) | (a) | (b) | |
r | −18.67 (13.8847) | 14.80 (12.5796) | −17.74 (20.0583) | 25.10 (22.9982) | −72.80 *** (23.7523) | −53.84 ** (22.6553) |
Cons. | 148.1 *** (11.6884) | 142.3 *** (10.0387) | 130.7 *** (17.0626) | 81.11 *** (18.9451) | 150.6 *** (15.6883) | 137.6 *** (16.9575) |
W-direct | 0.122 *** (0.0207) | 0.0952 *** (0.0210) | 0.104 *** (0.0161) | 0.110 *** (0.0164) | −0.0880 (0.0560) | −0.0859 (0.0564) |
W-speed | −9.465 *** (0.9718) | −11.07 *** (0.9947) | −6.830 *** (1.0214) | −7.383 *** (1.0186) | −1.467 (2.9995) | −1.749 (3.3148) |
Obs. | 610 | 610 | 476 | 476 | 375 | 375 |
Order | 6 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 6 | 8 |
Jan-2-NO2 | Feb-2-NO2 | Mar-2-NO2 | ||||
r | −117.3 *** (40.9096) | −348.0 ** (139.0026) | −223.4 (206.2792) | −268.1 (213.9444) | −181.3 *** (30.7005) | −110.5 ** (45.7304) |
Cons. | 407.3 *** (41.5317) | 620.8 *** (131.7552) | 148.3 (93.5502) | 185.9 * (104.6282) | 228.4 *** (44.1951) | 284.4 *** (44.9921) |
W-direct | −0.333 *** (0.1008) | −0.338 *** (0.1032) | 0.754 * (0.3889) | 0.770 * (0.3924) | 0.268 * (0.1379) | 0.223 * (0.1349) |
W-speed | −14.89 *** (2.5298) | −16.13 *** (2.7878) | −36.31 *** (12.4280) | −35.17 *** (11.0873) | −5.840 (4.8405) | −10.42 ** (5.0331) |
Obs. | 612 | 612 | 476 | 476 | 400 | 400 |
Order | 2 | 9 | 7 | 8 | 1 | 2 |
Jan-1-PM2.5 | Feb-1-PM2.5 | Mar-1-PM2.5 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(a) | (b) | (a) | (b) | (a) | (b) | |
r | 100.8 *** (20.5541) | 124.5 *** (19.7094) | −31.90 * (16.6318) | −28.02 * (16.8766) | −11.21 (20.8962) | −10.39 (23.7263) |
Cons. | 55.00 *** (19.4552) | 38.45 ** (17.4241) | 15.85 (15.2917) | 34.48 ** (15.9310) | 37.01 *** (11.2713) | 37.13 *** (11.3151) |
W-direct | 0.158 *** (0.0141) | 0.145 *** (0.0148) | 0.142 *** (0.0190) | 0.139 *** (0.0184) | 0.152 *** (0.0198) | 0.152 *** (0.0198) |
W-speed | 3.098 *** (0.4666) | 2.151 *** (0.5272) | 2.416 ** (1.0627) | 2.971 *** (1.0586) | 2.896 *** (1.0546) | 2.835 *** (1.0779) |
Obs. | 610 | 610 | 476 | 476 | 375 | 375 |
Order | 6 | 8 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 8 |
Jan-2-PM2.5 | Feb-2-PM2.5 | Mar-2-PM2.5 | ||||
r | 142.4 *** (16.0360) | 111.9 *** (24.0053) | 41.04 *** (11.8484) | 20.95 * (11.3821) | 1.433 (11.7442) | 3.296 (14.3786) |
Cons. | 78.78 *** (9.9065) | 92.79 *** (19.0098) | 1.468 (9.3271) | 18.39 * (9.4276) | 72.41 *** (9.0309) | 75.16 *** (11.6266) |
W-direct | −0.112 *** (0.0210) | −0.111 *** (0.0206) | −0.0331 (0.0259) | −0.0263 (0.0250) | −0.0833 *** (0.0207) | −0.0821 *** (0.0206) |
W-speed | 3.430 *** (0.5636) | 3.095 *** (0.6022) | 0.0608 (1.0396) | 0.572 (1.0328) | 0.816 (0.9567) | 0.864 (0.9720) |
Obs. | 612 | 612 | 476 | 476 | 400 | 400 |
Order | 4 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 5 | 7 |
Jan-1-PM10 | Feb-1-PM10 | Mar-1-PM10 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(a) | (b) | (a) | (b) | (a) | (b) | |
r | 116.2 *** (23.7935) | 143.1 *** (22.8213) | −30.77 (22.7261) | 10.70 (25.9303) | −17.45 (23.1221) | −15.89 (26.1425) |
Cons. | 69.25 *** (22.5355) | 51.37 ** (20.1329) | 45.63 ** (21.9495) | −4.521 (22.4377) | 47.31 *** (12.4163) | 47.55 *** (12.4646) |
W-direct | 0.172 *** (0.0163) | 0.157 *** (0.0172) | 0.165 *** (0.0211) | 0.171 *** (0.0215) | 0.167 *** (0.0218) | 0.167 *** (0.0218) |
W-speed | 3.133 *** (0.5427) | 2.057 *** (0.6092) | 3.138 *** (1.2004) | 2.555 ** (1.2100) | 3.510 *** (1.1565) | 3.393 *** (1.1805) |
Obs. | 610 | 610 | 476 | 476 | 375 | 375 |
Order | 6 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 8 |
Jan-2-PM10 | Feb-2-PM10 | Mar-2-PM10 | ||||
r | 158.5 *** (17.6520) | 121.9 *** (27.1317) | 53.22 *** (12.9471) | 26.71 ** (12.1045) | 4.801 (12.0979) | 13.47 (17.7141) |
Cons. | 91.00 *** (11.4785) | 111.6 *** (21.2122) | 4.992 (10.9066) | 27.33 ** (10.8392) | 84.41 *** (9.8411) | 79.48 *** (15.7067) |
W-direct | −0.111 *** (0.0251) | −0.109 *** (0.0247) | −0.0464 (0.0309) | −0.0374 (0.0299) | −0.0884 *** (0.0231) | −0.0879 *** (0.0229) |
W-speed | 2.894 *** (0.5879) | 2.479 *** (0.6288) | −1.077 (1.1508) | −0.403 (1.1383) | 0.546 (1.0105) | 0.613 (1.0385) |
Obs. | 612 | 612 | 476 | 476 | 400 | 400 |
Order | 4 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 5 | 8 |
Jan-1-SO2 | Jan-2-SO2 | Feb-1-SO2 | Feb-2-SO2 | Mar-1-SO2 | Mar-2-SO2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r-Treat | 14.25 (17.1136) | −1651.3 ** (607.6906) | 0.530 (0.4156) | 998.5 (723.3712) | 0.136 (0.1909) | 269.6 (194.2858) |
r-0.5Treat | 4.386 (16.7375) | −1600.6 (899.2198) | −0.00474 (0.2832) | 895.2 (815.5242) | −0.152 (0.1728) | −176.5 (176.2007) |
r-2Treat | 22.33 (19.4037) | −1432.3 *** (394.3879) | 2.280 (1.9783) | 892.4 (570.0589) | −0.395 (0.4656) | 89.03 (143.2453) |
Obs. | 610 | 612 | 476 | 476 | 375 | 400 |
Bandwidth | 14.171 | 51.522 | 16.920 | 31.733 | 12.221 | 36.257 |
0.5Bandwidth | 7.085 | 25.761 | 8.460 | 15.866 | 6.110 | 18.129 |
2Bandwidth | 28.342 | 103.044 | 33.840 | 63.465 | 24.441 | 72.515 |
Jan-1-NO2 | Jan-2-NO2 | Feb-1-NO2 | Feb-2-NO2 | Mar-1-NO2 | Mar-2-NO2 | |
r-Treat | 50.38 ** (15.9598) | −171.3 (128.2951) | −58.41 * (22.6910) | 505.9 * (203.3348) | −82.27 ** (29.9077) | −108.7 (91.8356) |
r-0.5Treat | 62.69 * (28.1420) | −114.7 (106.4232) | −88.98 *** (26.6140) | 373.0 (200.9858) | −113.8 *** (24.6000) | −84.44 (129.7557) |
r-2Treat | 26.49 * (12.3482) | −133.3 (105.3698) | −37.23 * (16.3412) | 358.0 * (157.3304) | −44.38 (22.7000) | −131.9 * (58.4997) |
Obs. | 610 | 612 | 476 | 476 | 375 | 400 |
Bandwidth | 20.517 | 29.940 | 17.011 | 26.299 | 15.446 | 28.328 |
0.5Bandwidth | 10.259 | 14.970 | 8.505 | 13.149 | 7.723 | 14.164 |
2Bandwidth | 41.035 | 59.880 | 34.022 | 52.598 | 30.891 | 56.657 |
Jan-1-PM2.5 | Jan-2-PM2.5 | Feb-1-PM2.5 | Feb-2-PM2.5 | Mar-1-PM2.5 | Mar-2-PM2.5 | |
r-Treat | 126.9 *** (25.0367) | 96.03 ** (30.8501) | −40.53 (21.9873) | 27.67 * (11.9530) | 86.66 *** (21.9778) | −14.43 (13.0543) |
r-0.5Treat | 173.3 *** (32.2121) | 99.84 *** (28.1322) | −43.57 (37.5581) | 8.818 (12.2649) | 124.4 *** (24.7886) | −19.40 (13.7465) |
r-2Treat | 106.9 *** (20.9531) | 78.01 *** (20.7879) | −26.16 * (12.4798) | 92.14 *** (23.2392) | 19.66 (29.0283) | −7.976 (10.7649) |
Obs. | 610 | 612 | 476 | 476 | 375 | 400 |
Bandwidth | 20.675 | 16.370 | 18.985 | 15.979 | 12.388 | 15.263 |
0.5Bandwidth | 10.337 | 8.185 | 9.492 | 7.989 | 6.194 | 7.631 |
2Bandwidth | 41.350 | 32.741 | 37.970 | 31.959 | 27.777 | 30.526 |
Jan-1-PM10 | Jan-2-PM10 | Feb-1-PM10 | Feb-2-PM10 | Mar-1-PM10 | Mar-2-PM10 | |
r-Treat | 146.8 *** (29.3011) | 104.7 ** (32.8487) | −51.96 (30.1596) | 36.36 ** (11.5137) | 94.98 *** (24.3994) | −14.29 (13.5718) |
r-0.5Treat | 193.7 *** (36.4751) | 101.1 ** (33.7825) | −57.68 (52.6159) | 18.00 (11.9622) | 126.0 *** (28.9203) | −18.96 (13.9000) |
r-2Treat | 122.6 *** (23.6716) | 88.39 *** (21.9854) | −31.60 (17.0931) | 103.0 *** (23.4678) | 19.53 (32.0962) | −7.130 (11.5271) |
Obs. | 610 | 612 | 476 | 476 | 375 | 400 |
Bandwidth | 21.763 | 18.081 | 19.710 | 16.011 | 11.871 | 15.444 |
0.5Bandwidth | 10.881 | 9.040 | 9.855 | 8.005 | 5.935 | 7.722 |
2Bandwidth | 43.526 | 36.162 | 39.421 | 32.022 | 23.743 | 30.889 |
Jan-1 | Feb-1 | Mar-1 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
W-direct | W-speed | W-direct | W-speed | W-direct | W-speed | |
r | 148.5 *** (45.2110) | −0.169 (0.6409) | −21.33 (49.0234) | 3.634 *** (0.5222) | 74.43 * (43.5234) | 0.810 * (0.4788) |
Cons. | 128.2 *** (38.4517) | 1.895 *** (0.4743) | 233.1 *** (35.0157) | 0.378 (0.4365) | 137.5 *** (33.6363) | 0.856 *** (0.3222) |
Obs. | 610 | 610 | 476 | 476 | 375 | 375 |
R2 | 0.236 | 0.474 | 0.126 | 0.181 | 0.241 | 0.288 |
Order | 8 | 9 | 9 | 7 | 9 | 9 |
Jan-2 | Feb-2 | Mar-2 | ||||
W-direct | W-speed | W-direct | W-speed | W-direct | W-speed | |
r | −11.01 (13.8597) | −4.004 *** (1.3334) | 105.0 *** (18.2675) | 0.167 (0.7604) | 14.79 (10.2252) | 0.887 (1.0622) |
Cons. | 183.5 *** (8.0696) | 4.754 *** (1.2721) | 227.0 *** (8.2927) | 2.270 *** (0.5891) | 256.5 *** (5.7407) | 0.371 (0.5517) |
Obs. | 612 | 612 | 476 | 476 | 400 | 400 |
R2 | 0.078 | 0.389 | 0.149 | 0.229 | 0.096 | 0.322 |
Order | 2 | 9 | 4 | 9 | 1 | 9 |
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Share and Cite
Lu, S.; Zhou, F. Impact of Ship Emission Control Area Policies on Port Air Quality—A Case Study of Ningbo Port, China. Sustainability 2024, 16, 3659. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16093659
Lu S, Zhou F. Impact of Ship Emission Control Area Policies on Port Air Quality—A Case Study of Ningbo Port, China. Sustainability. 2024; 16(9):3659. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16093659
Chicago/Turabian StyleLu, Siling, and Fan Zhou. 2024. "Impact of Ship Emission Control Area Policies on Port Air Quality—A Case Study of Ningbo Port, China" Sustainability 16, no. 9: 3659. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16093659