Analysis of the Coupling Coordination between the Ecosystem Service Value and Urbanization in the Circum-Bohai-Sea Region and Its Obstacle Factors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Overview of Research Region
2.2. Research Methodologies
2.2.1. ESV Evaluation Methods
2.2.2. Urbanization-Level Evaluation Methods
2.2.3. Coupling Coordination Model
2.2.4. Spatial Autocorrelation Analysis
2.2.5. Spatial Trend Surface
2.2.6. Obstacle Degree Analysis
2.3. Data Sources
3. Results
3.1. Urbanization-Level Evaluation
3.2. Spatiotemporal Evolution of the ESV
3.3. Degree of the Coupling Coordination between the ESV and Urbanization
3.3.1. Temporal Variation
3.3.2. Temporal Evolution Trend
3.3.3. Analysis of Spatial Agglomeration Evolution
3.4. Identification of Obstacle Factors for the Degree of the Coupling Coordination between the ESV and Urbanization
4. Discussion
4.1. Discussion on the ESV
4.2. Discussion on the Coupling Coordination Degree
4.3. Discussion on Obstacle Factors
4.4. Shortcomings and Prospects
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- During the study period, the overall level of the urbanization in the Circum-Bohai-Sea Region continuously improved, but the gap between cities gradually widened, resulting in a “center–periphery” spatial pattern. The ESV exhibited an N-shaped trend, characterized by an initial increase, followed by a decrease and then a rapid increase. Waters contributed the most to the ESV’s growth. The ranking of ecosystems in terms of their contributions is as follows: waters > forest land > cultivated land > grassland > unused land. The ESV per unit of area showed a distribution pattern of high in the north and low in the south, with the boundary of Baoding and Cangzhou as the dividing line;
- (2)
- From a temporal perspective, the degree of the coordination between the ESV and urbanization in the Circum-Bohai-Sea Region exhibited an inverted U-shaped trend, initially increasing and then slightly decreasing. From a spatial perspective, there were significant regional differences in the degree of the coupling coordination between the ESV and urbanization. This mainly demonstrates a spatial distribution pattern where “northern parts are higher than southern parts, whereas central parts are higher than eastern and western parts”. H-H clusters were mainly located in central and southern Liaoning, including cities like Shenyang and Anshan, whereas L-L clusters were predominantly found in southern Hebei and western Shandong;
- (3)
- Regarding the obstacle factors, at the criterion layer, social urbanization, supporting services, and cultural services were the dominant obstacles to the coordinated development of the ESV and urbanization in the Circum-Bohai-Sea Region. At the indicator layer, the top five obstacles within the ESV system were the water resource supply, nutrient cycling maintenance, raw material production, aesthetic landscape, and food production. Additionally, the top five obstacle factors within the urbanization system included the number of college students per 10,000 people, population density, number of health technical personnel per 10,000 people, per capita road area, and proportion of secondary and tertiary industry output values.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Classification of Ecosystem Services | Land Use Type | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Service Type | Sub-Type | CL | FS | GS | WB | CO | BL |
Provisioning services | FP | 2059.27 | 464.65 | 566.53 | 1490.87 | 0.00 | 18.64 |
RMP | 456.58 | 1061.00 | 834.89 | 428.63 | 0.00 | 55.91 | |
WS | −2431.98 | 550.38 | 462.17 | 15,449.15 | 0.00 | 37.27 | |
Regulating services | GR | 1658.59 | 3503.55 | 2937.02 | 1434.96 | 0.00 | 204.99 |
CR | 866.57 | 10,488.28 | 7767.44 | 4267.62 | 0.00 | 186.36 | |
EP | 251.58 | 3020.26 | 2564.30 | 10,342.92 | 0.00 | 577.71 | |
HR | 2786.07 | 6005.73 | 5695.13 | 190,533.35 | 0.00 | 391.35 | |
Supporting services | SR | 969.07 | 4266.38 | 3578.09 | 1733.14 | 0.00 | 242.27 |
MNC | 288.86 | 326.75 | 268.36 | 130.45 | 0.00 | 18.64 | |
BP | 316.81 | 3882.48 | 3250.10 | 4752.15 | 0.00 | 223.63 | |
Cultural services | AL | 139.77 | 1703.32 | 1431.24 | 3522.18 | 0.00 | 93.18 |
First-Level Indicator | Second-Level Indicator | Attribute | Weight |
---|---|---|---|
Population urbanization | X1: Population density (10,000/km2) | + | 0.109 |
X2: Proportion of employed population in the secondary and tertiary industries | + | 0.007 | |
X3: Proportion of urban population | + | 0.052 | |
Economic urbanization | X4: Per capita disposable income of urban residents (yuan) | + | 0.114 |
X5: Per capita gross regional product (yuan) | + | 0.107 | |
X6: Ratio of secondary industries to tertiary industries | - | 0.067 | |
Social urbanization | X7: Number of college students per 10,000 people | + | 0.175 |
X8: Number of hospital beds per 10,000 people | + | 0.067 | |
X9: Number of health technical personnel per 10,000 people | + | 0.102 | |
Land urbanization | X10: Per capita road area (m2) | + | 0.088 |
X11: Per capita construction land area (m2) | + | 0.054 | |
X12: Per capita park area (m2) | + | 0.059 |
ESV | Year | CL | FS | GS | WB | CO | ALL |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ESV/109 yuan | 2005 | 203.11 | 393.08 | 168.71 | 397.18 | 1.04 | 1163.12 |
2010 | 197.89 | 406.62 | 138.82 | 425.71 | 0.77 | 1169.80 | |
2015 | 195.71 | 406.13 | 138.19 | 426.32 | 0.74 | 1167.09 | |
2020 | 192.77 | 407.86 | 138.53 | 514.38 | 0.83 | 1254.36 | |
ESV rate of change/% | 2005–2010 | −2.57 | 3.44 | −17.72 | 7.18 | −25.96 | 0.57 |
2010–2015 | −1.10 | −0.12 | −0.45 | 0.14 | −3.49 | −0.23 | |
2015–2020 | −1.50 | 0.43 | 0.24 | 20.66 | 12.10 | 7.48 | |
2005–2020 | −5.09 | 3.76 | −17.89 | 29.51 | −19.89 | 7.84 | |
Area change/km2 | 2005–2020 | −140,535.03 | 41,896.93 | −102,815.28 | 50,065.02 | −100,826.64 | / |
Coupling Coordination Level | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 | 2020 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | Percentage/% | Number | Percentage/% | Number | Percentage/% | Number | Percentage/% | |
Severe incoordination | 3 | 6.98 | 3 | 6.98 | 3 | 6.98 | 2 | 4.65 |
Moderate incoordination | 6 | 13.95 | 3 | 6.98 | 3 | 6.98 | 5 | 11.63 |
General coordination | 20 | 46.51 | 15 | 34.88 | 13 | 30.23 | 16 | 37.21 |
Moderate coordination | 12 | 27.91 | 19 | 44.19 | 21 | 48.84 | 18 | 41.86 |
High coordination | 2 | 4.65 | 3 | 6.98 | 3 | 6.98 | 2 | 4.65 |
Year | ESV System/% | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
WS | MNC | RMP | AL | FP | |
2005 | 11.58 | 10.84 | 10.53 | 10.4 | 9.82 |
2010 | 11.64 | 10.85 | 10.55 | 10.41 | 9.85 |
2015 | 11.62 | 10.85 | 10.54 | 10.4 | 9.86 |
2020 | 11.68 | 11.03 | 10.72 | 10.55 | 10.03 |
Year | Urbanization System/% | ||||
Number of college students per 10,000 people | Population density | Number of health technical personnel per 10,000 people | Per capita road area (m2) | Ratio of secondary industries to tertiary industries | |
2005 | 21.02 | 12.60 | 12.30 | 10.61 | 8.08 |
2010 | 21.02 | 12.59 | 12.30 | 10.61 | 8.08 |
2015 | 21.01 | 12.59 | 12.29 | 10.61 | 8.08 |
2020 | 20.98 | 12.57 | 12.27 | 10.59 | 8.07 |
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Yu, W.; Yu, W. Analysis of the Coupling Coordination between the Ecosystem Service Value and Urbanization in the Circum-Bohai-Sea Region and Its Obstacle Factors. Sustainability 2024, 16, 3776. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16093776
Yu W, Yu W. Analysis of the Coupling Coordination between the Ecosystem Service Value and Urbanization in the Circum-Bohai-Sea Region and Its Obstacle Factors. Sustainability. 2024; 16(9):3776. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16093776
Chicago/Turabian StyleYu, Wensheng, and Wei Yu. 2024. "Analysis of the Coupling Coordination between the Ecosystem Service Value and Urbanization in the Circum-Bohai-Sea Region and Its Obstacle Factors" Sustainability 16, no. 9: 3776. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16093776