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Sustainability
Volume 2
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10.3390/su2010252
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Review

A Systems Dynamics Approach to Explore Traffic Congestion and Air Pollution Link in the City of Accra, Ghana

by
Frederick A. Armah
1,*,
David O. Yawson
2 and
Alex A. N. M. Pappoe
1
1
Department of Environmental Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
2
School of Agriculture, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sustainability 2010, 2(1), 252-265; https://doi.org/10.3390/su2010252
Submission received: 4 December 2009 / Accepted: 7 January 2010 / Published: 13 January 2010
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atmospheric Pollution)
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Abstract

Economic development and urbanization poses myriad challenges to transportation systems in relation to negative externalities such as traffic congestion and environmental health risks. Accra, the capital of Ghana, faces mounting urban planning problems, for example traffic congestion, air pollution, traffic safety, and land use planning, among others. The paper aims to provide a system dynamics perspective of the problems. Most of the drivers and cause-effect relationships of traffic congestion and its attendant air pollution are investigated and analyzed using causal loop diagrams. The paper further suggests mechanisms by which the negative externalities associated with road transport in the city of Accra can be addressed.
Keywords: traffic congestion; atmospheric pollution; policy; system dynamics; urban planning; Ghana traffic congestion; atmospheric pollution; policy; system dynamics; urban planning; Ghana

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MDPI and ACS Style

Armah, F.A.; Yawson, D.O.; Pappoe, A.A.N.M. A Systems Dynamics Approach to Explore Traffic Congestion and Air Pollution Link in the City of Accra, Ghana. Sustainability 2010, 2, 252-265. https://doi.org/10.3390/su2010252

AMA Style

Armah FA, Yawson DO, Pappoe AANM. A Systems Dynamics Approach to Explore Traffic Congestion and Air Pollution Link in the City of Accra, Ghana. Sustainability. 2010; 2(1):252-265. https://doi.org/10.3390/su2010252

Chicago/Turabian Style

Armah, Frederick A., David O. Yawson, and Alex A. N. M. Pappoe. 2010. "A Systems Dynamics Approach to Explore Traffic Congestion and Air Pollution Link in the City of Accra, Ghana" Sustainability 2, no. 1: 252-265. https://doi.org/10.3390/su2010252

APA Style

Armah, F. A., Yawson, D. O., & Pappoe, A. A. N. M. (2010). A Systems Dynamics Approach to Explore Traffic Congestion and Air Pollution Link in the City of Accra, Ghana. Sustainability, 2(1), 252-265. https://doi.org/10.3390/su2010252

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