Measurement and Numerical Simulation of Air Velocity in a Tunnel-Ventilated Broiler House
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The Building
2.2. Experimental Scenarios (Operations)
2.3. CFD Background and Turbulence Models
2.4. Geometry, Mesh and BC
CFD Simulation | Fans in Action | Total Mass Flux Rate (1) (kg·s−1) | Average of Air Velocity at Inlets (m·s−1) |
---|---|---|---|
I | 2 | 24.68 | 0.83 |
II | 3 | 37.02 | 1.23 |
III | 4 | 49.36 | 1.61 |
IV | 5 | 37.02 | 2.04 |
V | 6 | 61.70 | 2.45 |
VI | 7 | 74.04 | 2.85 |
VII | 8 | 86.38 | 3.25 |
VIII | 9 | 98.72 | 3.67 |
IX | 10 | 111.06 | 4.04 |
2.5. Validation of CFD Results
2.5.1. General Context: the Multi-Sensor System and Points of Measurement
Sensor number * | Section A | Section B | Section C | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
X-coordinate (m) | Y-coordinate (m) | X-coordinate (m) | Y-coordinate (m) | X-coordinate (m) | Y-coordinate (m) | |
1–2 | 5.56 | 4.34 | 5.92 | 32.14 | 5.87 | 99.23 |
3–4 | 5.39 | 8.42 | 5.62 | 36.54 | 5.42 | 103.90 |
5–6 | 5.83 | 13.64 | 5.73 | 43.25 | 5.69 | 108.76 |
7–8 | 5.61 | 16.51 | 8.57 | 39.36 | 5.58 | 110.33 |
9–10 | 10.66 | 22.78 | 9.47 | 43.32 | 9.89 | 118.02 |
11–12 | 8.16 | 18.65 | 10.60 | 40.22 | 8.78 | 115.14 |
13–14 | 7.18 | 19.17 | 9.00 | 39.36 | 10.03 | 116.25 |
15–16 | 5.50 | 20.20 | 9.04 | 36.88 | 6.21 | 118.93 |
17–18 | 2.22 | 3.87 | 1.50 | 29.20 | 1.86 | 96.48 |
19–20 | 2.52 | 7.06 | 3.47 | 33.65 | 2.94 | 101.15 |
21–22 | 3.45 | 11.24 | 3.92 | 39.21 | 3.75 | 107.40 |
23–24 | 10.61 | 3.55 | 11.48 | 34.83 | 11.26 | 98.06 |
25–26 | 8.74 | 9.86 | 5.83 | 48.17 | 9.13 | 105.18 |
27–28 | 1.54 | 19.54 | 1.54 | 52.00 | 2.34 | 117.49 |
29–30 | 2.81 | 15.76 | 0.82 | 47.00 | 3.11 | 113.07 |
2.5.2. Statistical Model and Variables
- : Air velocity in the section i with j Fans in action at Height k and by the methodology l;
- : Measurement section (3);
- : Fans in action (9);
- : Height of the sensor (2);
- : Methodology: CFD vs. direct measurements by multi-sensor system (2);
- : Interaction between Section-Fan (27);
- : Interaction between Section-Height (6);
- : Interaction between Section-Methodology (6);
- : Interaction between Fans-Height (18);
- : Interaction between Fans-Methodology (18);
- : Interaction between Height-Methodology (4);
- : Triple interaction between Section-Fan-Height (54);
- : Triple interaction between Section-Fan-Methodology (54);
- : Triple interaction between Section-Height-Methodology (12);
- : Triple interaction between Fan-Height-Methodology (36);
- : Fourfold interaction between Section-Fan-Height-Methodology (108);
- : Error of the model.
2.5.3. Regression Line (CFD vs. Measurements)
- Vmeas is the average of the measured air velocity values
- VCFD is the air velocity obtained in the CFD simulations
2.5.4. Relative Error at Each Point
- Vmeas is the average of the measured air velocity using the multi-sensor system at point i taken as the real air velocity, and
- VCFD is the air velocity obtained in the CFD simulations at point i.
3. Results
3.1. Results of the Validation Model
Variables | DF | Sum of Squares | Mean Square | F-ratio | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Section | 2 | 33.10 | 16.55 | 149.07 | <0.0001 |
Fans | 8 | 555.09 | 69.39 | 625.08 | <0.0001 |
Height | 1 | 1.07 | 1.07 | 9.61 | 0.0020 |
Methodology | 1 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 2.48 | 0.1155 |
Section × Fan | 16 | 45.75 | 2.86 | 25.76 | <0.0001 |
Section × Height | 2 | 21.18 | 10.59 | 95.42 | <0.0001 |
Fans × Height | 8 | 5.88 | 0.73 | 6.62 | <0.0001 |
Error | 1581 | 175.50 | 0.111 |
3.2. CFD Results and the Direct Measurements
Operation | Height | Methodology | Section A | Section B | Section C | Average |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | 0.25 m | Measured CFD | 0.75±0.24 (15) 0.77 ± 0.20(15) | 0.66 ± 0.18 (15) 0.69 ± 0.18(15) | 0.47 ± 0.11(15) 0.49 ± 0.12(15) | 0.63 ± 0.22(45) 0.65 ± 0.21(45) |
1.75 m | Measured CFD | 0.62 ± 0.22 (15) 0.62 ± 0.22(15) | 0.56 ± 0.11(15) 0.60 ± 0.12(15) | 0.58 ± 0.09(15) 0.60 ± 0.10(15) | 0.59 ± 0.15(45) 0.61 ± 0.15(45) | |
Average | Measured CFD | 0.69 ± 0.24 (30) 0.70 ± 0.22 (30) | 0.61 ± 0.16(30) 0.64 ± 0.16 (30) | 0.53 ± 0.12 (30) 0.55 ± 0.13 (30) | 0.61 ± 0.19 (90) 0.63 ± 0.18 (90) | |
II | 0.25 m | Measured CFD | 1.15 ± 0.35 (15) 1.16 ± 0.30 (15) | 1.01 ± 0.24 (15) 1.05 ± 0.25 (15) | 0.69 ± 0.14 (15) 0.71 ± 0.13 (15) | 0.95 ± 0.32 (45) 0.97 ± 0.30 (45) |
1.75 | Measured CFD | 0.85 ± 0.27 (15) 0.90 ± 0.31 (15) | 0.84 ± 0.16 (15) 0.88 ± 0.18 (15) | 0.84 ± 0.16 (15) 0.90 ± 0.18 (15) | 0.84 ± 0.20 (45) 0.89 ± 0.23 (45) | |
Average | Measured CFD | 1.00 ± 0.34 (30) 1.03 ± 0.33 (30) | 0.92 ± 0.22 (30) 0.97 ± 0.23 (30) | 0.76 ± 0.17 (30) 0.80 ± 0.18 (30) | 0.89 ± 0.27 (90) 0.93 ± 0.27 (90) | |
III | 0.25 m | Measured CFD | 1.42 ± 0.41 (15) 1.43 ± 0.38 (15) | 1.28 ± 0.31 (15) 1.29 ± 0.26 (15) | 0.91 ± 0.24 (15) 0.95 ± 0.25 (15) | 1.20 ± 0.38 (45) 1.22 ± 0.36 (45) |
1.75 m | Measured CFD | 1.11 ± 0.36 (15) 1.13 ± 0.36 (15) | 1.13 ± 0.24 (15) 1.20 ± 0.28 (15) | 1.20 ± 0.22 (15) 1.22 ± 0.20 (15) | 1.15 ± 0.28 (45) 1.19 ± 0.29 (45) | |
Average | Measured CFD | 1.26 ± 0.41(30) 1.28 ± 0.40(30) | 1.21 ± 0.28 (30) 1.24 ± 0.27 (30) | 1.05 ± 0.27 (30) 1.09 ± 0.26 (30) | 1.17 ± 0.33 (90) 1.20 ± 0.32 (90) | |
IV | 0.25 m | Measured CFD | 1.50 ± 0.35 (15) 1.57 ± 0.36 (15) | 1.57 ± 0.34 (15) 1.64 ± 0.36 (15) | 1.15 ± 0.22 (15) 1.17 ± 0.22 (15) | 1.40 ± 0.36 (45) 1.46 ± 0.38 (45) |
1.75 m | Measured CFD | 1.28 ± 0.35 (15) 1.32 ± 0.40 (15) | 1.43 ± 0.24 (15) 1.47 ± 0.28 (15) | 1.46 ± 0.23 (15) 1.51 ± 0.22 (15) | 1.39 ± 0.28 (45) 1.43 ± 0.31 (45) | |
Average | Measured CFD | 1.39 ± 0.36 (30) 1.44 ± 0.40 (30) | 1.50 ± 0.30 (30) 1.55 ± 0.33 (30) | 1.30 ± 0.27 (30) 1.34 ± 0.28 (30) | 1.40 ± 0.32 (90) 1.45 ± 0.34 (90) | |
V | 0.25 m | Measured CFD | 1.61 ± 0.29 (15) 1.67 ± 0.34 (15) | 1.81 ± 0.31 (15) 1.89 ± 0.33 (15) | 1.39 ± 0.30 (15) 1.40 ± 0.32 (15) | 1.60 ± 0.35 (45) 1.66 ± 0.38 (45) |
1.75 m | Measured CFD | 1.38 ± 0.33 (15) 1.45 ± 0.38 (15) | 1.71 ± 0.27 (15) 1.75 ± 0.32 (15) | 1.76 ± 0.24 (15) 1.82 ± 0.23 (15) | 1.62 ± 0.33 (45) 1.67 ± 0.35 (45) | |
Average | Measured CFD | 1.49 ± 0.33 (30) 1.56 ± 0.37 (30) | 1.76 ± 0.29 (30) 1.82 ± 0.33 (30) | 1.57 ± 0.33 (30) 1.61 ± 0.34 (30) | 1.61 ± 0.33 (90) 1.66 ± 0.36 (90) | |
VI | 0.25 m | Measured CFD | 1.63 ± 0.33 (15) 1.69 ± 0.37 (15) | 2.12 ± 0.36 (15) 2.20 ± 0.35 (15) | 1.60 ± 0.31 (15) 1.62 ± 0.31 (15) | 1.78 ± 0.40 (45) 1.84 ± 0.43 (45) |
1.75 m | Measured CFD | 1.48 ± 0.34 (15) 1.56 ± 0.40 (15) | 2.03 ± 0.37 (15) 2.04 ± 0.35 (15) | 2.00 ± 0.29 (15) 2.09 ± 0.28 (15) | 1.84 ± 0.42 (45) 1.90 ± 0.42 (45) | |
Average | Measured CFD | 1.55 ± 0.34 (30) 1.63 ± 0.39 (30) | 2.08 ± 0.36 (30) 2.12 ± 0.35 (30) | 1.80 ± 0.36 (30) 1.85 ± 0.38 (30) | 1.81 ± 0.41 (90) 1.87 ± 0.42 (90) | |
VII | 0.25 m | Measured CFD | 1.77 ± 0.36 (15) 1.83 ± 0.36 (15) | 2.40 ± 0.34 (15) 2.52 ± 0.36 (15) | 1.83 ± 0.37 (15) 1.85 ± 0.40 (15) | 2.00 ± 0.45 (45) 2.06 ± 0.49 (45) |
1.75 m | Measured CFD | 1.61 ± 0.43 (15) 1.69 ± 0.49 (15) | 2.27 ± 0.36 (15) 2.35 ± 0.40 (15) | 2.33 ± 0.32 (15) 2.41 ± 0.30 (15) | 2.07 ± 0.49 (45) 2.15 ± 0.51 (45) | |
Average | Measured CFD | 1.69 ± 0.40 (30) 1.76 ± 0.43 (30) | 2.33 ± 0.35 (30) 2.43 ± 0.39 (30) | 2.08 ± 0.42 (30) 2.13 ± 0.45 (30) | 2.03 ± 0.47 (90) 2.11 ± 0.50 (90) | |
VIII | 0.25 m | Measured CFD | 1.74 ± 0.45 (15) 1.77 ± 0.48 (15) | 2.58 ± 0.29 (15) 2.72 ± 0.31 (15) | 2.03 ± 0.42 (15) 2.07 ± 0.42 (15) | 2.12 ± 0.52 (45) 2.19 ± 0.56 (45) |
1.75 m | Measured CFD | 1.76 ± 0.55 (15) 1.85 ± 0.60 (15) | 2.63 ± 0.32 (15) 2.68 ± 0.34 (15) | 2.55 ± 0.35 (15) 2.69 ± 0.35 (15) | 2.32 ± 0.61 (45) 2.41 ± 0.59 (45) | |
Average | Measured CFD | 1.75 ± 0.49 (30) 1.81 ± 0.53 (30) | 2.61 ± 0.30 (30) 2.71 ± 0.32 (30) | 2.30 ± 0.46 (30) 2.38 ± 0.49 (30) | 2.22 ± 0.55 (90) 2.30 ± 0.58 (90) | |
IX | 0.25 m | Measured CFD | 1.79 ± 0.50 (15) 1.88 ± 0.54 (15) | 2.59 ± 0.44 (15) 2.68 ± 0.53 (15) | 2.35 ± 0.47 (15) 2.37 ± 0.49 (15) | 2.24 ± 0.57 (45) 2.31 ± 0.61 (45) |
1.75 m | Measured CFD | 1.91 ± 0.61 (15) 2.00 ± 0.66 (15) | 2.83 ± 0.26 (15) 2.97 ± 0.27 (15) | 2.75 ± 0.33 (15) 2.92 ± 0.37 (15) | 2.50 ± 0.59 (45) 2.63 ± 0.64 (45) | |
Average | Measured CFD | 1.85 ± 0.55 (30) 1.94 ± 0.60 (30) | 2.71 ± 0.38 (30) 2.82 ± 0.44 (30) | 2.55 ± 0.45 (30) 2.65 ± 0.51 (30) | 2.37 ± 0.59 (90) 2.47 ± 0.64 (90) | |
All | 0.25 m | Measured CFD | 1.48 ± 0.48 (135) 1.53 ± 0.50 (135) | 1.78 ± 0.73 (135) 1.85 ± 0.77 (135) | 1.38 ± 0.67 (135) 1.40 ± 0.67 (135) | 1.55 ± 0.66 (405) 1.59 ± 0.68 (405) |
1.75 m | Measured CFD | 1.33 ± 0.56 (135) 1.39 ± 0.60 (135) | 1.72 ± 0.79 (135) 1.77 ± 0.82 (135) | 1.72 ± 0.76 (135) 1.79 ± 0.80 (135) | 1.59 ± 0.73 (405) 1.65 ± 0.77 (405) | |
Average | Measured CFD | 1.41 ± 0.53 (270) 1.46 ± 0.56 (270) | 1.75 ± 0.76 (270) 1.81 ± 0.80 (270) | 1.55 ± 0.74 (270) 1.60 ± 0.76 (270) | 1.57 ± 0.70 (810) 1.62 ± 0.73 (810) |
3.3. Results of the Relative Error at Each Point
3.4. CFD-Air Velocity Results
4. Discussion
- (1).
- Section A showed great changes in air velocity and trajectories; we find a “dead zone” (very low air velocities) very close to zones with high values and turbulence.
- (2).
- Section B was very homogeneous in air velocity distribution and presented high values if several fans were working; the trajectories did not show multi-directionality, as they are almost perpendicularly oriented to the fans.
- (3).
- Section C showed very high air velocity values with a discrete number of fans working; air velocity trajectories are oriented to the fans the same as in Section B, but the air velocity values were higher than in Section B mainly when the number of fans was increased.
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Bustamante, E.; García-Diego, F.-J.; Calvet, S.; Torres, A.G.; Hospitaler, A. Measurement and Numerical Simulation of Air Velocity in a Tunnel-Ventilated Broiler House. Sustainability 2015, 7, 2066-2085. https://doi.org/10.3390/su7022066
Bustamante E, García-Diego F-J, Calvet S, Torres AG, Hospitaler A. Measurement and Numerical Simulation of Air Velocity in a Tunnel-Ventilated Broiler House. Sustainability. 2015; 7(2):2066-2085. https://doi.org/10.3390/su7022066
Chicago/Turabian StyleBustamante, Eliseo, Fernando-Juan García-Diego, Salvador Calvet, Antonio G. Torres, and Antonio Hospitaler. 2015. "Measurement and Numerical Simulation of Air Velocity in a Tunnel-Ventilated Broiler House" Sustainability 7, no. 2: 2066-2085. https://doi.org/10.3390/su7022066