Energy Retrofit Strategies for Residential Building Envelopes: An Italian Case Study of an Early-50s Building
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
3. The Case Study
3.1. Building Characteristics
Building’s characteristics | Values |
---|---|
Building Volume [m3] | 6984 |
Building Total Surface [m2] | 2948.4 |
Surface-Volume ratio | 0.42 |
Opaque Surface Area [m2] | 2594.16 |
Transparent Surface Area [m2] | 354.24 |
Residential Units | 24 |
Climatic Zone | D |
Latitude | 41°54′39″24 N |
Longitude | 12°28′54″48 E |
Thermal Conductivity [W/mK] | Specific Heat Capacity [J/kgK] | Mass Density [kg/m3] | Thickness [m] | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Internal side | ||||
Plasterboard | 0.350 | 840 | 1000 | 0.010 |
Hollow Bricks | 0.589 | 840 | 700 | 0.370 |
Concrete | 0.510 | 1000 | 1500 | 0.120 |
Plasterboard | 0.350 | 840 | 1000 | 0.010 |
External side | ||||
Total Thickness | 0.51 | |||
U-value | 0.918 W/m2K |
Thermal Conductivity [W/mK] | Specific Heat Capacity [J/kgK] | Mass Density [kg/m3] | Thickness [m] | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Internal side | ||||
Plasterboard | 0.350 | 840 | 1000 | 0.010 |
Hollow Bricks | 0.589 | 840 | 700 | 0.240 |
Cement Mortar | 1.250 | 1700 | 2000 | 0.050 |
Waterproof Membrane | 0.220 | 840 | 343 | 0.005 |
Cement Mortar | 1.250 | 1700 | 2000 | 0.050 |
External side | ||||
Total Thickness | 0.355 | |||
U-value | 1.411 W/m2K |
Thermal Transmittance [W/m2K] | g-value | |
---|---|---|
Frame | 2.27 | - |
Single Glass 4 mm | 5.38 | 0.855 |
3.2. Building Modeling
Walls | |
Surface mass | 439 kg/m2 |
Dynamic thermal transmittance | 0.157 W/m2K |
Thermal attenuation | 0.172 |
Thermal lag | 12.86 h |
Roof | |
Surface mass | 369.7 kg/m2 |
Dynamic thermal transmittance | 0.507 W/m2K |
Thermal attenuation | 0.344 |
Thermal lag | 9.29 h |
3.3 Retrofit Strategies
Structure [mm] | Thermal Transmittance [W/m2K] | g-value | Thermal Transmittance Limit (Climatic Zone D) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Frame | - | 2.27 | - | - |
Double Glaze-AIR | 4/16/4 | 2.83 | 0.755 | × |
Double Glaze-ARGON | 4/16/4 | 1.40 | 0.589 | √ |
Double Glaze-AIR (Low g) | 6/16/4 | 2.54 | 0.440 | × |
Element | Thermal Transmittance [W/m2K] | Thermal Transmittance Limit (Climatic Zone D) |
---|---|---|
Insulated Roof – EPS 13 cm | 0.253 | √ |
Wall - Coating 2 cm | 0.629 | × |
Wall - Coating 4 cm | 0.478 | × |
Wall - Coating 6 cm | 0.386 | × |
Wall – Coating 8 cm | 0.324 | × |
Wall – Coating 10 cm | 0.278 | √ |
Base Case Walls | Wall-Coating 2 cm | Wall-Coating 4 cm | Wall-Coating 6 cm | Wall-Coating 8 cm | Wall-Coating 10 cm | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Surface mass | 439 kg/m2 | 439.5 kg/m2 | 440 kg/m2 | 440.5 kg/m2 | 441 kg/m2 | 441.5 kg/m2 |
Dynamic thermal transmittance | 0.157 W/m2K | 0.044 W/m2K | 0.025 W/m2K | 0.018 W/m2K | 0.013 W/m2K | 0.011 W/m2K |
Thermal attenuation | 0.172 | 0.070 | 0.052 | 0.045 | 0.042 | 0.039 |
Thermal lag | 12.86 h | 14.41 h | 14.71 h | 14.9 h | 15.08 h | 15.28 h |
Base Case Roof | Roof-13 cm EPS | |||||
Surface mass | 369.7 kg/m2 | 372.9 kg/m2 | ||||
Dynamic thermal transmittance | 0.507 W/m2K | 0.022 W/m2K | ||||
Thermal attenuation | 0.344 | 0.085 | ||||
Thermal lag | 9.29 h | 12.69 h |
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Retrofit Evaluation through Dynamic Simulations
Name | Description |
---|---|
Ante Operam | Base case |
Int. 1 | Insulated Roof—EPS 13 cm |
Int. 2 | Wall—Coating 2 cm |
Int. 3 | Wall—Coating 4 cm |
Int. 4 | Wall—Coating 6 cm |
Int. 5 | Wall—Coating 8 cm |
Int. 6 | Wall—Coating 10 cm |
Int. 7 | Wall (Coating 10 cm) + Roof (EPS 13 cm) |
Final Retrofit | Wall (Coating 10 cm) + Roof (EPS 13 cm) + Double glaze with air (low g) |
4.2. Payback Time
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Evangelisti, L.; Guattari, C.; Gori, P. Energy Retrofit Strategies for Residential Building Envelopes: An Italian Case Study of an Early-50s Building. Sustainability 2015, 7, 10445-10460. https://doi.org/10.3390/su70810445
Evangelisti L, Guattari C, Gori P. Energy Retrofit Strategies for Residential Building Envelopes: An Italian Case Study of an Early-50s Building. Sustainability. 2015; 7(8):10445-10460. https://doi.org/10.3390/su70810445
Chicago/Turabian StyleEvangelisti, Luca, Claudia Guattari, and Paola Gori. 2015. "Energy Retrofit Strategies for Residential Building Envelopes: An Italian Case Study of an Early-50s Building" Sustainability 7, no. 8: 10445-10460. https://doi.org/10.3390/su70810445