Diffusion Patterns in Convergence among High-Technology Industries: A Co-Occurrence-Based Analysis of Newspaper Article Data
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Methodology
3.1. Data Collection and Processing
3.2. Degree of Industry Convergence
3.3. Estimation of a Diffusion Model of Industry Convergence
4. Results
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ASCII | American Standard Code for Information Interchange |
DIC | Degree of Industry Convergence |
IPC | International Patent Classification |
M&A | Merger and Acquisition |
NE | Named Entity |
NLP | Natural Language Processing |
OECD | Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development |
OLS | Ordinary Least Squares |
PMI | Pointwise Mutual Information |
RegEx | Regular Expression |
R&D | Research and Development |
SIC | Standard Industrial Classification |
Appendix A
SIC Code Pair | Convergent-Industry Pair |
---|---|
282–281 | Plastics materials and synthetic resins, synthetic—Industrial inorganic chemicals |
282–282 | Plastics materials and synthetic resins, synthetic—Plastics materials and synthetic resins, synthetic |
283–283 | Drugs—Drugs |
284–282 | Soap, detergents, and cleaning preparations; perfumes, cosmetics, and other toilet preparations—Plastics materials and synthetic resins, synthetic |
285–283 | Paints, varnishes, lacquers, enamels, and allied—Drugs |
285–284 | Paints, varnishes, lacquers, enamels, and allied—Soap, detergents, and cleaning preparations; perfumes, cosmetics, and other toilet preparations |
285–285 | Paints, varnishes, lacquers, enamels, and allied—Paints, varnishes, lacquers, enamels, and allied |
286–282 | Industrial organic chemicals—Plastics materials and synthetic resins, synthetic |
286–283 | Industrial organic chemicals—Drugs |
287–281 | Agricultural chemicals—Industrial inorganic chemicals |
287–284 | Agricultural chemicals—Soap, detergents, and cleaning preparations; perfumes, cosmetics, and other toilet preparations |
289–281 | Miscellaneous chemical products—Industrial inorganic chemicals |
289–285 | Miscellaneous chemical products—Paints, varnishes, lacquers, enamels, and allied |
289–286 | Miscellaneous chemical products—Industrial organic chemicals |
289–287 | Miscellaneous chemical products—Agricultural chemicals |
356–281 | General industrial machinery and equipment—Industrial inorganic chemicals |
356–282 | General industrial machinery and equipment—Plastics materials and synthetic resins, synthetic |
356–284 | General industrial machinery and equipment—Soap, detergents, and cleaning preparations; perfumes, cosmetics, and other toilet preparations |
356–287 | General industrial machinery and equipment—Agricultural chemicals |
357–281 | Computer and office equipment—Industrial inorganic chemicals |
357–285 | Computer and office equipment—Paints, varnishes, lacquers, enamels, and allied |
357–286 | Computer and office equipment—Industrial organic chemicals |
357–287 | Computer and office equipment—Agricultural chemicals |
371–281 | Motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment—Industrial inorganic chemicals |
371–285 | Motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment—Paints, varnishes, lacquers, enamels, and allied |
372–281 | Aircraft and parts—Industrial inorganic chemicals |
372–285 | Aircraft and parts—Paints, varnishes, lacquers, enamels, and allied |
372–356 | Aircraft and parts—General industrial machinery and equipment |
382–284 | Laboratory apparatus and analytical, optical, measuring, and controlling instruments—Soap, detergents, and cleaning preparations; perfumes, cosmetics, and other toilet preparations |
382–285 | Laboratory apparatus and analytical, optical, measuring, and controlling instruments—Paints, varnishes, lacquers, enamels, and allied |
382–287 | Laboratory apparatus and analytical, optical, measuring, and controlling instruments—Agricultural chemicals |
382–356 | Laboratory apparatus and analytical, optical, measuring, and controlling instruments—General industrial machinery and equipment |
386–281 | Photographic equipment and supplies—Industrial inorganic chemicals |
386–284 | Photographic equipment and supplies—Soap, detergents, and cleaning preparations; perfumes, cosmetics, and other toilet preparations |
386–287 | Photographic equipment and supplies—Agricultural chemicals |
386–356 | Photographic equipment and supplies—General industrial machinery and equipment |
873–281 | Research, development, and testing services—Industrial inorganic chemicals |
873–282 | Research, development, and testing services—Plastics materials and synthetic resins, synthetic |
873–285 | Research, development, and testing services—Paints, varnishes, lacquers, enamels, and allied |
873–289 | Research, development, and testing services—Miscellaneous chemical products |
873–356 | Research, development, and testing services—General industrial machinery and equipment |
873–372 | Research, development, and testing services—Aircraft and parts |
873–382 | Research, development, and testing services—Laboratory apparatus and analytical, optical, measuring, and controlling instruments |
873–386 | Research, development, and testing services—Photographic equipment and supplies |
873–873 | Research, development, and testing services—Research, development, and testing services |
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Information Source | Methodology | Literature |
---|---|---|
Patents | IPC co-classification analysis | Curran and Leker [1] |
Preschitschek et al. [14] | ||
Patent citation analysis | Karvonen and Kässi [44] | |
Industry-technology concordance analysis | Curran et al. [7] | |
Fai and Von Tunzelmann [27] | ||
Pennings and Puranam [23] | ||
Product-market entry | Interindustry product-market entry analysis | Hsu and Prescott [45] |
Newspaper articles | Co-occurrence-based analysis | Kim et al. [10] |
SIC Code | Industry |
---|---|
281 | Industrial inorganic chemicals |
282 | Plastics materials and synthetic resins, synthetic |
283 | Drugs |
284 | Soap, detergents, and cleaning preparations; perfumes, cosmetics, and other toilet preparations |
285 | Paints, varnishes, lacquers, enamels, and allied |
286 | Industrial organic chemicals |
287 | Agricultural chemicals |
289 | Miscellaneous chemical products |
351 | Engines and turbines |
356 | General industrial machinery and equipment |
357 | Computer and office equipment |
361 | Electric transmission and distribution equipment |
366 | Communications equipment |
371 | Motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment |
372 | Aircraft and parts |
382 | Laboratory apparatus and analytical, optical, measuring, and controlling instruments |
384 | Surgical, medical, and dental instruments and supplies |
386 | Photographic equipment and supplies |
737 | Computer programming, data processing, and other computer related services |
871 | Engineering, architectural, and surveying services |
873 | Research, development, and testing services |
No. | SIC Code Pair | Convergent-Industry Pair | Initial DIC (b0) | Potential DIC (b1) | Growth Rate (b2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 284–282 | Soap, detergents, and cleaning preparations; perfumes, cosmetics, and other toilet preparations—Plastics materials and synthetic resins, synthetic | 0.031 | 0.382 ** | 0.154 ** |
2 | 285–284 | Paints, varnishes, lacquers, enamels, and allied—Soap, detergents, and cleaning preparations; perfumes, cosmetics, and other toilet preparations | 0.228 *** | 0.941 ** | 0.088 ** |
3 | 285–285 | Paints, varnishes, lacquers, enamels, and allied—Paints, varnishes, lacquers, enamels, and allied | 0.506 *** | 0.978 *** | 0.115 * |
4 | 286–282 | Industrial organic chemicals—Plastics materials and synthetic resins, synthetic | 0.214 *** | 0.556 *** | 0.192 ** |
5 | 286–283 | Industrial organic chemicals—Drugs | 0.019 | 0.309 *** | 0.275 *** |
6 | 287–281 | Agricultural chemicals—Industrial inorganic chemicals | 0.053 * | 0.807 *** | 0.591 *** |
7 | 287–284 | Agricultural chemicals—Soap, detergents, and cleaning preparations; perfumes, cosmetics, and other toilet preparations | 0.015 | 0.509 *** | 0.532 *** |
8 | 356–281 | General industrial machinery and equipment—Industrial inorganic chemicals | 0.271 *** | 1.095 *** | 0.101 *** |
9 | 356–282 | General industrial machinery and equipment—Plastics materials and synthetic resins, synthetic | 0.064 * | 0.671 * | 0.133 * |
10 | 356–284 | General industrial machinery and equipment—Soap, detergents, and cleaning preparations; perfumes, cosmetics, and other toilet preparations | 0.055 * | 0.968 * | 0.142 ** |
11 | 356–287 | General industrial machinery and equipment—Agricultural chemicals | 0.030 | 0.703 *** | 0.359 *** |
12 | 357–285 | Computer and office equipment—Paints, varnishes, lacquers, enamels, and allied | 0.012 | 0.346 *** | 0.224 ** |
13 | 357–286 | Computer and office equipment—Industrial organic chemicals | 0.008 | 0.337 *** | 0.263 *** |
14 | 372–281 | Aircraft and parts—Industrial inorganic chemicals | 0.071 ** | 0.386 *** | 0.189 *** |
15 | 372–285 | Aircraft and parts—Paints, varnishes, lacquers, enamels, and allied | 0.034 | 0.418 *** | 0.205 *** |
16 | 372–356 | Aircraft and parts—General industrial machinery and equipment | 0.000 | 0.332 *** | 0.430 ** |
17 | 382–284 | Laboratory apparatus and analytical, optical, measuring, and controlling instruments—Soap, detergents, and cleaning preparations; perfumes, cosmetics, and other toilet preparations | 0.014 | 0.464 ** | 0.179 *** |
18 | 382–285 | Laboratory apparatus and analytical, optical, measuring, and controlling instruments—Paints, varnishes, lacquers, enamels, and allied | 0.187 *** | 0.630 *** | 0.117 ** |
19 | 382–287 | Laboratory apparatus and analytical, optical, measuring, and controlling instruments—Agricultural chemicals | 0.004 | 0.412 *** | 0.753 * |
20 | 386–281 | Photographic equipment and supplies—Industrial inorganic chemicals | 0.217 *** | 0.618 *** | 0.112 ** |
21 | 386–287 | Photographic equipment and supplies—Agricultural chemicals | 0.004 | 0.410 *** | 0.695 ** |
22 | 386–356 | Photographic equipment and supplies—General industrial machinery and equipment | 0.010 | 0.587 *** | 0.247 *** |
23 | 873–281 | Research, development, and testing services—Industrial inorganic chemicals | 0.341 *** | 0.935 *** | 0.099 *** |
24 | 873–282 | Research, development, and testing services—Plastics materials and synthetic resins, synthetic | 0.066 ** | 0.516 *** | 0.144 ** |
25 | 873–356 | Research, development, and testing services—General industrial machinery and equipment | 0.089 * | 0.926 *** | 0.150 ** |
26 | 873–372 | Research, development, and testing services—Aircraft and parts | 0.000 | 0.255 *** | 0.552 * |
27 | 873–386 | Research, development, and testing services—Photographic equipment and supplies | 0.031 | 0.488 *** | 0.196 ** |
28 | 282–281 | Plastics materials and synthetic resins, synthetic—Industrial inorganic chemicals | 0.279 *** | 0.579 *** | 0.115 |
29 | 285–283 | Paints, varnishes, lacquers, enamels, and allied—Drugs | 0.118 *** | 0.562 | 0.060 |
30 | 289–281 | Miscellaneous chemical products—Industrial inorganic chemicals | 0.336 *** | 0.570 *** | 0.126 |
31 | 289–285 | Miscellaneous chemical products—Paints, varnishes, lacquers, enamels, and allied | 0.289 *** | 0.526 *** | 0.160 |
32 | 289–286 | Miscellaneous chemical products—Industrial organic chemicals | 0.290 *** | 0.551 *** | 0.124 |
33 | 289–287 | Miscellaneous chemical products—Agricultural chemicals | 0.000 | 0.421 *** | 1.431 |
34 | 357–281 | Computer and office equipment—Industrial inorganic chemicals | 0.061 * | 1.343 | 0.079 |
35 | 357–287 | Computer and office equipment—Agricultural chemicals | 0.002 | 0.170 *** | 0.444 |
36 | 371–281 | Motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment—Industrial inorganic chemicals | 0.000 | 0.151 *** | 1.287 |
37 | 371–285 | Motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment—Paints, varnishes, lacquers, enamels, and allied | 0.022 | 0.197 * | 0.152 |
38 | 382–356 | Laboratory apparatus and analytical, optical, measuring, and controlling instruments—General industrial machinery and equipment | 0.081 ** | 1.251 | 0.092 * |
39 | 386–284 | Photographic equipment and supplies—Soap, detergents, and cleaning preparations; perfumes, cosmetics, and other toilet preparations | 0.036 * | 0.687 | 0.113 * |
40 | 873–285 | Research, development, and testing services—Paints, varnishes, lacquers, enamels, and allied | 0.323 *** | 1.132 * | 0.078 |
41 | 873–289 | Research, development, and testing services—Miscellaneous chemical products | 0.182 *** | 1.488 | 0.038 |
42 | 873–382 | Research, development, and testing services—Laboratory apparatus and analytical, optical, measuring, and controlling instruments | 0.089 ** | 0.820 | 0.093 |
43 | 282–282 | Plastics materials and synthetic resins, synthetic—Plastics materials and synthetic resins, synthetic | 0.106 ** | 0.306 *** | 0.132 |
44 | 283–283 | Drugs—Drugs | 0.335 *** | 0.667 ** | 0.069 |
45 | 873–873 | Research, development, and testing services—Research, development, and testing services | 0.212 *** | 1.429 | 0.072 |
46 | Total | 0.112 *** | 0.529 *** | 0.103 *** |
Variable | Coeff. | 95% Confidence Interval |
---|---|---|
Growth rate | −0.538 ** (0.230) | [−1.012, −0.064] |
Constant | 0.736 *** (0.076) | [0.580, 0.892] |
R2 | 0.179 | |
F | 5.46 ** |
© 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Lee, H.; Kim, N.; Kwak, K.; Kim, W.; Soh, H.; Park, K. Diffusion Patterns in Convergence among High-Technology Industries: A Co-Occurrence-Based Analysis of Newspaper Article Data. Sustainability 2016, 8, 1029. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8101029
Lee H, Kim N, Kwak K, Kim W, Soh H, Park K. Diffusion Patterns in Convergence among High-Technology Industries: A Co-Occurrence-Based Analysis of Newspaper Article Data. Sustainability. 2016; 8(10):1029. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8101029
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Hyeokseong, Namil Kim, Kiho Kwak, Wonjoon Kim, Hyungjoon Soh, and Kyungbae Park. 2016. "Diffusion Patterns in Convergence among High-Technology Industries: A Co-Occurrence-Based Analysis of Newspaper Article Data" Sustainability 8, no. 10: 1029. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8101029
APA StyleLee, H., Kim, N., Kwak, K., Kim, W., Soh, H., & Park, K. (2016). Diffusion Patterns in Convergence among High-Technology Industries: A Co-Occurrence-Based Analysis of Newspaper Article Data. Sustainability, 8(10), 1029. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8101029