Income Diversification: A Strategy for Rural Region Risk Management
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Income Diversification as a Risk Management Strategy
3. Data and Methods
3.1. Study Area
3.2. Data Collection
3.3. Income Diversification Indices (IDIs)
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Farm Household Income Generation Activities
4.2. Determinants of Income Diversity
4.3. Spatial Difference of Income Diversification at The Town Scale
4.4. Why Rural Households Diversify Their Income Sources?
5. Conclusions and Recommendations
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Agricultural Drought Survey Questionnaire
- No.:
- Location:
- Date:
- Respondents:
- (1)
- Household structure
Member Relationship with Respondent Gender Age Education Level Jobs Health Status Relationship with Respondent: 1—Grandparents; 2-Parents; 3—Children; 4—Brothers and sisters; 5—Spouse; 6—Friend; Gender: 1—Male; 2—Female; Education level: 1—illiteracy; 2—Primary School; 3—High School; 4—college; Jobs: 1—Farmer; 2—Wage Worker; 3—Rural Retailer; 4—Local government staff; 5—Student; Health status: 1—good; 2—illness. - (2)
- (3)
- Household income—expenditure
- (a)
- (b)
- (4)
- (5)
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Landform Types | Survey Towns | Number of Sample Villages | Number of Sample Rural Households |
---|---|---|---|
North hilly area | Saiwusu (SWS) | 3 | 14 |
Wuyi (WY) | 4 | 19 | |
Wuguquan (WGQ) | 3 | 14 | |
Dakulian (DKL) | 6 | 20 | |
Caosiyao (CSY) | 5 | 21 | |
Mid plains area | Taijimiao (TJM) | 5 | 27 |
Tuanjie (TJ) | 7 | 34 | |
Eerdong (ERD) | 6 | 27 | |
South mountain area | Ertaizi (ETZ) | 6 | 25 |
Haoqian (HQ) | 5 | 21 | |
Zhanggao (ZG) | 4 | 37 | |
Datongyao (DTY) | 3 | 14 | |
Dianzi (DZ) | 3 | 18 |
Category | Types | Number of Samples |
---|---|---|
Farm income | Crop income | 195 |
Potato income | 111 | |
Vegetable income | 36 | |
Livestock income | 151 | |
Off-farm income | Non-farm wage income | 155 |
State grants | 185 |
Variable | Coefficient | Std Error | t |
---|---|---|---|
Age of household head | −0.007 | 0.011 | −0.482 |
Education of household head (years) | 0.024 | 0.008 | 2.985 ** |
Household size | 0.134 | 0.017 | 7.528 ** |
Proportion children of household | −0.008 | 0.002 | −3.093 ** |
Proportion older of household | −0.006 | 0.006 | −2.072 * |
Farm size | 0.273 | 0.062 | 1.986 * |
Share of land irrigated | −0.459 | 0.118 | −3.022 ** |
Landform Types | Surveyed Towns | Idiv | Idep | Average Number of Income Sources |
---|---|---|---|---|
North hilly area | Saiwusu (SWS) | 0.572 | 0.643 | 2.286 |
Wuyi (WY) | 0.685 | 0.563 | 2.421 | |
Wuguquan (WGQ) | 0.605 | 0.630 | 2.429 | |
Dakulian (DKL) | 0.664 | 0.602 | 2.550 | |
Caosiyao (CSY) | 0.507 | 0.685 | 1.952 | |
Mid plains area | Taijimiao (TJM) | 1.172 | 0.366 | 4.037 |
Tuanjie (TJ) | 0.834 | 0.513 | 2.912 | |
Eerdong (ERD) | 0.826 | 0.510 | 2.815 | |
South mountain area | Ertaizi (ETZ) | 0.564 | 0.662 | 2.286 |
Haoqian (HQ) | 0.725 | 0.564 | 2.640 | |
Zhanggao (ZG) | 0.931 | 0.475 | 3.351 | |
Datongyao (DTY) | 1.189 | 0.361 | 4.000 | |
Dianzi (DZ) | 0.721 | 0.584 | 2.833 |
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Wan, J.; Li, R.; Wang, W.; Liu, Z.; Chen, B. Income Diversification: A Strategy for Rural Region Risk Management. Sustainability 2016, 8, 1064. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8101064
Wan J, Li R, Wang W, Liu Z, Chen B. Income Diversification: A Strategy for Rural Region Risk Management. Sustainability. 2016; 8(10):1064. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8101064
Chicago/Turabian StyleWan, Jinhong, Ruoxi Li, Wenxin Wang, Zhongmei Liu, and Bizhen Chen. 2016. "Income Diversification: A Strategy for Rural Region Risk Management" Sustainability 8, no. 10: 1064. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8101064