Research and Development Strategy in Biological Technologies: A Patent Data Analysis of Japanese Manufacturing Firms
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Background
3. Literature Review
4. Methodology
5. Data
6. Results and Discussion
6.1. Biotechnology and Biochemistry Technology
6.2. Medicine and Disease Technology
6.3. Foodstuff and Agriculture Technology
7. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix
IPC | # of Patent Application | Description |
---|---|---|
A01N63/02 | 183 | Fermentates or substances produced by or extracted from microorganisms or animal material |
A23F3/10 | 4 | Fermentation with addition of micro-organisms or enzymes |
A23J3/20 | 0 | Proteins from microorganisms or unicellular algae |
A23L1/105 | 20 | Fermentation of farinaceous cereal or cereal material; Addition of enzymes or microorganisms (1/16, 1/185, 1/238 take precedence) |
A23L2/84 | 3 | Clarifying or fining of non-alcoholic beverages; removing unwanted matter (purifying water C02F) using micro-organisms or biological material, e.g., enzymes |
B01D37/36 | 0 | Biochemical methods |
B01D53/34 | 5447 | Chemical or biological purification of waste gases |
B01D59/36 | 0 | Separation by biological methods |
B09C1/10 | 454 | Reclamation of contaminated soil microbiologically or by using enzymes |
C02F11/02 | 282 | Biological treatment of sludge; devices thereof |
C02F3/34 | 1693 | Biological treatment of water wastewater, or sewage characterised by microorganism used; |
C02F9/14 | 0 | Multistep treatment of water, waste water, or sewage, at least one step being a biological treatment |
C05F | 1126 | Organic fertilisers not covered by subclasses C05B, C05C, e.g., Fertilisers from waste or refuse. i.e., see 9/04, 11/10 |
C12M | 3723 | Apparatus for Enzymology or Microbiology |
C12N | 19,660 | Microorganisms or Enzymes, compositions thereof; propagating, preserving, or maintaining microorganisms; Mutation or Genetic Engineering; Culture Media |
C12P | 8707 | Fermentation or Enzyme using processes to synthesise chemical compounds |
C12Q | 5194 | Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes or microorganisms |
C12R | 1 | Indexing classifiers for microorganisms for sub-classes C12C to C12Q and C12S |
C12S | 5 | Processes using enzymes or microorganisms to liberate, separate or purify pre-existing compound or composition. Note that under the following classes enzymes or microorganisms should also be classified under C12S: A21, A23, A61L, A62D, B01D 53, B08B, B09C, C01, C05F, C08, C09B, C09B, C09H, C10G, C13, C14C, C21B, C22B, C23F, C23G, D01C, D01F, D06L, D06M, D06P, D21C, D21H, F24F, F24J, F26B and H01M |
C22B3718 | 0 | Extraction of metal compounds from ores or concentrates by wet processes with the aid of microorganisms or enzymes e.g., bacteria or algae |
C40B40/02 | 0 | Libraries contained in or displayed by microorganisms, e.g., bacteria or animal cells; Libraries contained in or displayed by vectors, e.g., plasmids; Libraries containing only microorganisms or vectors |
D06L3/11 | 3 | Bleaching fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, feathers, or made-up fibrous goods, leather, or fur using enzymes |
G01N 33/53 | 0 | Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials thereof |
G01N13/10 | 430 | Investigating or analysing surface structures in atomic ranges using scanning-probe techniques |
G01N27/327 | 798 | Biochemical Electrodes |
G01N33/48 | 1098 | Biological material, e.g., blood, urine; Haemocytometers |
G01N33/54 | 208 | as above, double or second antibody etc. [deleted in IPC8] |
G01N33/55 | 0 | as above, relating to type of carrier etc. [deleted in IPC8] |
G01N33/57 | 0 | as above, relating to specific disease i.e., hepatitis, cancer etc. [deleted in IPC8] |
G01N33/68 | 331 | as above, involving proteins, peptides or amino acids etc. |
G01N33/74 | 15 | as above, involving hormones |
G01N33/76 | 2 | as above, Human chorionic gonadotropin |
G01N33/78 | 2 | as above, Thyroid gland hormones |
G01N33/88 | 1 | as above, involving prostaglandins |
G01N33/92 | 86 | as above, involving lipids, e.g., cholesterol |
G21F9/18 | 14 | Treating liquids, processing by biological processes |
H01M8/16 | 96 | Biochemical fuel cells, i.e., cells in which microorganisms function as catalysts |
IPC | # of Patent Application | Description |
---|---|---|
A01C1/08 | 83 | Immunising Seed |
A01H | 657 | New Plants or Process for Obtaining Them; Plant Reproduction by Tissue Culture Techniques |
A01K | 1300 | Animal Husbandry; Care of Birds, Fishes, Insects; Fishing; Rearing or Breeding Animals, not otherwise provided for; New Breeds of Animals |
A01N | 3157 | Preservation of Bodies of Humans or Animals or Plants or parts thereof; biocides, e.g., as disinfectants, as pesticides, as herbicides. |
A01P | 1 | Biocidal, pest repellent, pest attractant or plant growth regulatory activity of chemical compounds or preparation (for material already classified under A01N or C12N, C01, C07 or C08) |
A21D8/04 | 95 | Treating Dough with microorganisms or enzymes |
A23B | 2095 | Preserving, e.g., by canning, meat, fish, eggs, fruit, vegetables, edible seeds; chemical ripening of fruit or vegetables; the preserved ripened or canned products (i.e., 4/027. 4/20. 5/15, 7/154 and 9/26) |
A23C | 1561 | Dairy Products, e.g., milk, butter, cheese; milk or cheese substitutes; making thereof (i.e., 9/12, 13/16, 17/02 and 19/032, 21/02) |
A23K | 22 | Fodder |
A23L | 6614 | Foods, Foodstuffs, or non-alcoholic beverages not covered by Subclasses A23B to J; their preparation or Treatment…; Preservation of Foods or Foodstuffs in General. |
A23N | 878 | Machines or apparatus for treating harvested fruit, vegetables, or flower bulbs in bulk, not otherwise provided for; peeling vegetables or fruit in bulk; apparatus for preparing animal feeding-stuffs. |
IPC | # of Patent Application | Description |
---|---|---|
A61K9 | 13 | Medicinal preparaions characterised by special physical form |
A61K31 | 14,611 | Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients |
A61K35 | 3232 | Medicinal preparations containing material or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution, from |
A61K36 | 161 | Medicinal preparations of undertermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g., traditional herbal medicine |
A61K38 | 1876 | Medicinal preparations containing peptides |
A61K39 | 924 | Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies |
A61K48 | 93 | Treatments for genetic diseases, Gene therapy |
A61L | 9563 | Methods or apparatus for sterilising materials or objects in general; disinfection, sterilisation, or deodorisation of air; chemical aspects of bandages, dressings, absorbent pads, or surgical articles; materials for bandages, dressings, absorbent pads, or surgical articles (e.g., 15/38. 27/54,29/16, 31/16) |
A61P | 7 | Therapeutic Activity of Chemical Compounds or Medicinal Preparations |
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Year | World | Japan |
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before 1990 |
|
|
1991–1995 |
|
|
1996–2000 |
|
|
2001–2005 |
|
|
2006–2010 |
|
|
Patent Group | Description of Patent Group |
---|---|
Biochemistry and biotechnology | Biochemistry and biotechnology include microorganisms, biological and genetic material, DNA and genomics and cell and tissue technology. The main categories of this patent classification are IPC = C12P (fermentation- or enzyme-based processes to synthesize chemicals) and IPC = C12Q (measuring or testing processes involving enzymes or microorganisms). |
Medicine and disease | |
Foodstuff and agriculture | Foodstuff and agriculture includes technologies related to foodstuff treatment, plant seeds and biocides. The main categories of patent classification are IPC = A23B (food preservation technology, such as ripened or canned products) and IPC = A23C (milk, butter, cheese, milk or cheese substitutes and the process of making such products). |
Technology | Industry Type (JSIC Code) | 1971–1980 | 1981–1990 | 1991–2000 | 2001–2010 | 1971–2010 | Share |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biochemistry and biotechnology | Chemical (16) | 688 | 2741 | 2501 | 2318 | 8248 | 16.6% |
Electric products (29) | 721 | 1191 | 1267 | 1918 | 5097 | 10.3% | |
Food (9,10) | 226 | 1089 | 1472 | 1161 | 3948 | 8.0% | |
Medicine (165) | 210 | 1066 | 1293 | 1257 | 3826 | 7.7% | |
Machinery (25) | 742 | 1284 | 1070 | 723 | 3819 | 7.7% | |
Total | 4371 | 11,434 | 15,844 | 17,937 | 49,586 | 100% | |
Medicine and disease | Chemicals (16) | 301 | 1454 | 2214 | 2050 | 6019 | 18.0% |
Medicine (165) | 422 | 1026 | 2062 | 2428 | 5938 | 17.8% | |
Food (9,10) | 60 | 238 | 873 | 1023 | 2194 | 6.6% | |
Electric products (29) | 70 | 406 | 541 | 645 | 1662 | 5.0% | |
Textile (11) | 62 | 295 | 466 | 422 | 1245 | 3.7% | |
Total | 1247 | 4715 | 12,734 | 14,657 | 33,353 | 100% | |
Foodstuff and agriculture | Chemical (16) | 401 | 881 | 1368 | 993 | 3643 | 22.1% |
Food (9,10) | 254 | 650 | 1254 | 793 | 2951 | 17.9% | |
Machinery (25) | 95 | 210 | 384 | 172 | 861 | 5.2% | |
Electric products (29) | 168 | 282 | 175 | 125 | 750 | 4.6% | |
Medicine (165) | 152 | 162 | 183 | 24 | 521 | 3.2% | |
Total | 1588 | 3290 | 6737 | 4848 | 16,463 | 100% |
Technology | Company Name (Industry Type) | # of Patent Application | Share |
---|---|---|---|
Biochemistry and biotechnology | Ajinomoto Co., Inc. (Food) | 1430 | 2.88% |
Hitachi, Ltd. (Electrical products) | 1221 | 2.46% | |
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. (Machinery) | 1106 | 2.23% | |
Toyobo Co., Ltd. (Textile]) | 1044 | 2.11% | |
Panasonic Corp. (Electric products) | 874 | 1.76% | |
Medicine and disease | Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd. (Medicine) | 807 | 2.42% |
Kao Corp. (Chemical) | 763 | 2.29% | |
Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. (Medicine) | 763 | 2.29% | |
Panasonic Corp. (Electric products) | 677 | 2.03% | |
Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd. (Chemical) | 610 | 1.83% | |
Foodstuff and agriculture | Ajinomoto Co., Inc. (Food) | 513 | 3.12% |
Megmilk Snow Brand Co., Ltd. (Food) | 504 | 3.06% | |
Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd. (Chemical) | 457 | 2.78% | |
Panasonic Corp. (Electric products) | 343 | 2.08% | |
Kewpie Corp. (Food) | 341 | 2.07% |
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Fujii, H.; Yoshida, K.; Sugimura, K. Research and Development Strategy in Biological Technologies: A Patent Data Analysis of Japanese Manufacturing Firms. Sustainability 2016, 8, 351. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8040351
Fujii H, Yoshida K, Sugimura K. Research and Development Strategy in Biological Technologies: A Patent Data Analysis of Japanese Manufacturing Firms. Sustainability. 2016; 8(4):351. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8040351
Chicago/Turabian StyleFujii, Hidemichi, Kentaro Yoshida, and Ken Sugimura. 2016. "Research and Development Strategy in Biological Technologies: A Patent Data Analysis of Japanese Manufacturing Firms" Sustainability 8, no. 4: 351. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8040351