Energy Saving and Carbon Reduction in the Operation Stage of Cross Laminated Timber Residential Buildings in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Energy Consumption and Carbon Emissions in the Building Sector
1.2. CLT as a Sustainable Building Material
2. Study Scope and Description of Studied Cities
2.1. Study Scope
2.2. Thirty-One Key Cities in China
2.3. Climate Zones
3. Methodologies
3.1. The Framework
3.2. Designs of Concrete Buildings and CLT Buildings
3.2.1. Concrete Buildings
3.2.2. CLT Buildings
3.3. Energy Consumption during the Operation Stage
- (1)
- According to the building grade classification in China, in this paper, the life spans of the residential buildings are assumed to be 50 years.
- (2)
- Only energy used for heating, cooling and cooling appliances are simulated.
- (3)
- The indoor temperature is assumed to be controlled between 18 °C and 26 °C. According to the Chinese Residential Design Specification, the minimum temperature in the bedroom, toilet and living room is set to be 18 °C and the comfortable temperature is suggested to be no more than 26 °C. Cooling and heating systems will be operated automatically when the temperature is not in this range.
- (4)
- Electricity is used for cooling and raw coal is used for heating. This is the current practice in China and will be described in detail later.
3.4. Carbon Emissions during the Operation Stage
3.5. Data Source
4. Results and Analysis
5. Discussions
6. Conclusions
- (1)
- The estimated energy consumption and carbon emission in CLT buildings are much lower than those of RC buildings in all studied cities, which indicate that CLT systems have good potentials in reducing carbon emission and saving energy consumption compared to RC. The energy consumption and carbon emissions in both concrete and CLT buildings are closely related to the climate zones. Buildings in Severe Cold and Cold Region, where heating contributes to the main portion of energy consumption, consumed the most energy and released more carbon, followed by the Hot-Summer Cool-Winter Region, Hot-Summer Warm-Winter Region, and Temperate Region. At the national level, the energy consumption at the operation stage in the seven-story building with RC frames and CLT system were approximately 465.1 MJ/m2 and 332.6 MJ/m2 per annum, respectively, while the CO2 emissions were 55.4 KG/m2 and 42.3 KG/m2 per annum, respectively.
- (2)
- The effects of energy saving and carbon reduction of CLT buildings have little relationship with the climate zone. Despite the vast differences in China’s climate zones, the energy saving and carbon reduction effects of CLT are significant in all studied cities. On the national level, CLT buildings may result in a weighted 29.4% energy saving, which equals 24.6% of carbon reductions, compared with the concrete building in the operation stage.
- (3)
- Although CLT as a sustainable material can be developed nationwide in China, it is better to develop it in Severe Cold and Cold regions first due to the condition of limited timber production.
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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China | 31 Studied Cities | Ratio | |
---|---|---|---|
Population (Million) | 1360.72 | 256.76 | 18.87% |
GDP (Billion Chinese Yuan) | 63,646.3 | 22,318.3 | 35.07% |
Energy consumption (Billion Tonne Standard Coal) | 4.26 | 1.61 | 37.79% |
Per capita energy consumption | 3.13 | 6.26 | 200.00% |
CO2 emissions (Gt) | 9.2 | 1.99 | 21.63% |
Per capita CO2 emissions (Tonne) | 6.76 | 7.76 | 114.79% |
Climate Zones | Temperature | Cities | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Coldest | Hottest | |||
Severe Cold | ≤−10 °C | ≤25 °C | I B | Harbin |
I C | Changchun, Hohhot, Shenyang, Xining, Urumqi | |||
Cold | −10−0°C | 18–28 °C | II (A) | Dalian, Yinchuan, Taiyuan, Lanzhou |
II (B) | Beijing, Tianjin, Xi’an, Shijiazhuang, Jinan, Zhengzhou | |||
Hot Summer Cool Winter | 0–10 °C | 25–30 °C | III | Nanjing, Hefei, Wuhan, Shanghai, Changsha, Hangzhou, Chengdu, Chongqing, Nanchang |
Hot Summer Warm Winter | >10 °C | 25–29 °C | IV (A) | Fuzhou |
IV (B) | Nanning, Haikou, Guangzhou | |||
Temperate | 0–13 °C | 18–25 °C | V | Guiyang, Kunming |
City | Climate Region | U-Value (Regulation) | U-Value (Simulation) |
---|---|---|---|
Harbin | I (B) | Roof:0.28 Wall:0.38 | Roof:0.25 Wall:0.33 |
Hohhot | I (C) | Roof:0.35 Wall:0.43 | Roof:0.25 Wall:0.40 |
Changchun | I (C) | Roof:0.35 Wall:0.43 | Roof:0.30 Wall:0.44 |
Shenyang | I (C) | Roof:0.35 Wall:0.43 | Roof:0.32 Wall:0.44 |
Xining | I (C) | Roof:0.35 Wall:0.43 | Roof:0.38 Wall:0.44 |
Yinchuan | I (C) | Roof:0.35 Wall:0.43 | Roof:0.47 Wall:0.50 |
Urumqi | I (C) | Roof:0.35 Wall:0.43 | Roof:0.38 Wall:0.47 |
Dalian | II (A) | Roof:0.45 Wall:0.50 | Roof:0.44 Wall:0.46 |
Taiyuan | II (A) | Roof:0.45 Wall:0.50 | Roof:0.44 Wall:0.58 |
Lanzhou | II (A) | Roof:0.45 Wall:0.50 | Roof:0.41 Wall:0.51 |
Xi’an | II (B) | Roof:0.45 Wall:0.50 | Roof:0.47 Wall:0.51 |
Zhengzhou | II (B) | Roof:0.45 Wall:0.50 | Roof:0.44 Wall:0.51 |
Shijiazhuang | II (B) | Roof:0.45 Wall:0.50 | Roof:0.47 Wall:0.50 |
Jinan | II (B) | Roof:0.45 Wall:0.50 | Roof:0.44 Wall:0.51 |
Beijing | II (B) | Roof:0.45 Wall:0.50 | Roof:0.44 Wall:0.55 |
Tianjin | II (B) | Roof:0.45 Wall:0.50 | Roof:0.45 Wall:0.60 |
Chengdu | III | Roof:0.50 Wall:0.80 | Roof:0.47 Wall:0.90 |
Hefei | III | Roof:0.50 Wall:0.80 | Roof:0.47 Wall:0.74 |
Hangzhou | III | Roof:0.50 Wall:0.80 | Roof:0.65 Wall:0.67 |
Nanchang | III | Roof:0.50 Wall:0.80 | Roof:0.59 Wall:0.72 |
Changsha | III | Roof:0.50 Wall:0.80 | Roof:0.47 Wall:0.51 |
Wuhan | III | Roof:0.50 Wall:0.80 | Roof:0.79 Wall:1.03 |
Shanghai | III | Roof:0.50 Wall:0.80 | Roof:0.42 Wall:0.80 |
Chongqing | III | Roof:0.50 Wall:0.80 | Roof:0.68 Wall:0.78 |
Nanjing | III | Roof:0.50 Wall:0.80 | Roof:0.47 Wall:0.66 |
Fuzhou | IV (A) | Roof:0.80 Wall:1.50 | Roof:0.79 Wall:0.85 |
Nanning | IV (B) | Roof:0.80 Wall:1.50 | Roof:0.47 Wall:0.51 |
Haikou | IV (B) | Roof:0.80 Wall:1.50 | Roof:0.71 Wall:2.20 |
Guangzhou | IV (B) | Roof:0.80 Wall:1.50 | Roof:0.71 Wall:1.35 |
Kunming | V (A) | Roof:0.80 Wall:1.50 | Roof:0.59 Wall:2.08 |
Guiyang | V (A) | Roof:0.80 Wall:1.50 | Roof:0.75 Wall:2.10 |
Fossil Energy Items | Cj | ηj |
---|---|---|
Raw Coal | 20,934 KJ/KG | 26.80 (T-C/TJ) |
Electricity | 3600 KJ/KWH | 1.14 (TCO2/MWh, Northeast China) |
1.13 (T-CO2/MWh, North China) | ||
0.78 (T-CO2/MWh, East China) | ||
0.81 (T-CO2/MWh, Northwest China) | ||
0.70 (T-CO2/MWh, Central China) | ||
0.67 (T-CO2/MWh, Southern China) |
National Grids | Cities |
---|---|
Northeast China | Dalian, Shenyang, Changchun, Harbin |
North China | Jinan, Taiyuan, Hohhot, Beijing, Tianjin, Shijiazhuang |
East China | Hefei, Fuzhou, Shanghai, Nanjing, Hangzhou |
Northwest China | Xi’an, Lanzhou, Xining, Yinchuan, Urumqi |
Central China | Zhengzhou, Wuhan, Changsha, Nanchang, Chengdu, Chongqing |
Southern China | Guangzhou, Nanning, Kunming, Guiyang, Haikou |
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Guo, H.; Liu, Y.; Chang, W.-S.; Shao, Y.; Sun, C. Energy Saving and Carbon Reduction in the Operation Stage of Cross Laminated Timber Residential Buildings in China. Sustainability 2017, 9, 292. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9020292
Guo H, Liu Y, Chang W-S, Shao Y, Sun C. Energy Saving and Carbon Reduction in the Operation Stage of Cross Laminated Timber Residential Buildings in China. Sustainability. 2017; 9(2):292. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9020292
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuo, Haibo, Ying Liu, Wen-Shao Chang, Yu Shao, and Cheng Sun. 2017. "Energy Saving and Carbon Reduction in the Operation Stage of Cross Laminated Timber Residential Buildings in China" Sustainability 9, no. 2: 292. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9020292