Interrelations of Ecosystem Services and Rural Population Wellbeing in an Ecologically-Fragile Area in North China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Interactions of Ecosystem Services and Human Wellbeing
2.1. Human Wellbeing
2.2. Ecosystem Services and Human Wellbeing
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Study Region
3.2. Rural Population Wellbeing
3.3. Ecosystem Service
4. Results
4.1. Spatial Distribution and Change of Rural Population Wellbeing
4.2. Spatial Distribution of Ecosystem Service
4.3. Interrelations of Ecosystem Service and Rural Population Wellbeing
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Region | Carbon Fixation | Food Supply | Soil Conservation | Sand Fixation | Hydrological Adjustment | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Mg/hm2) | (×106 kcal/hm2) | (t/hm2) | (t/hm2) | (m3) | ||||||
Year | 2002 | 2012 | 2002 | 2012 | 2002 | 2012 | 2002 | 2012 | 2002 | 2012 |
Chifeng | 112.66 | 112.60 | 0.44 | 1.12 | 75.74 | 75.78 | 44.37 | 49.21 | 3174.07 | 3173.04 |
Tongliao | 78.90 | 78.91 | 1.01 | 2.54 | 12.22 | 12.33 | 71.36 | 82.22 | 2903.80 | 2901.50 |
Siping | 129.08 | 129.07 | 4.47 | 11.54 | 19.75 | 19.87 | 24.86 | 26.90 | 4532.35 | 4555.86 |
Liaoyuan | 170.50 | 170.46 | 3.45 | 4.60 | 102.27 | 102.62 | 3.17 | 3.20 | 5465.34 | 5447.40 |
Fuxin | 94.40 | 94.37 | 1.35 | 6.89 | 49.03 | 50.47 | 73.58 | 79.81 | 4110.86 | 4106.79 |
Shenyang | 120.72 | 120.46 | 4.47 | 8.01 | 17.90 | 18.23 | 40.45 | 41.69 | 5026.69 | 4997.70 |
Tieling | 143.62 | 143.52 | 3.67 | 7.80 | 161.43 | 161.60 | 12.91 | 13.11 | 5699.61 | 5687.85 |
Jinzhou | 134.10 | 134.07 | 3.70 | 6.60 | 88.13 | 89.02 | 31.37 | 32.92 | 4493.54 | 4487.04 |
Fushun | 174.84 | 174.77 | 0.93 | 1.21 | 542.93 | 542.16 | 5.64 | 5.48 | 6512.64 | 6498.23 |
Tonghua | 223.41 | 223.42 | 0.75 | 0.80 | 861.83 | 860.97 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 6969.17 | 6968.49 |
Benxi | 181.37 | 181.27 | 0.69 | 0.88 | 1085.79 | 1085.03 | 3.28 | 3.21 | 6933.47 | 6918.76 |
Dandong | 169.07 | 168.93 | 1.12 | 1.49 | 1049.96 | 1047.82 | 6.99 | 6.99 | 7480.01 | 7474.94 |
Yingkou | 157.19 | 156.94 | 2.34 | 4.10 | 425.18 | 426.01 | 10.96 | 10.86 | 5869.72 | 5857.25 |
Anshan | 158.54 | 158.43 | 3.31 | 4.75 | 485.63 | 485.31 | 14.76 | 14.74 | 6453.68 | 6451.75 |
Liaoyang | 149.24 | 149.13 | 3.72 | 4.24 | 365.81 | 365.94 | 7.886 | 7.79 | 6326.57 | 6307.43 |
Panjin | 122.78 | 122.75 | 4.73 | 7.52 | 2.64 | 2.64 | 9.92 | 9.71 | 4226.01 | 4231.48 |
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Layer | Indicator | Unit | |
---|---|---|---|
Rural population wellbeing (RPWB) | Economic wellbeing (ECWB) | Per capita net income | Yuan |
Environmental wellbeing (ENWB) | Water environmental quality | - | |
Social wellbeing (SWB) | Per capita living space | km2 | |
Rural and urban income ratio | - |
Indicator | Unit | Issue | Modeling Method | |
---|---|---|---|---|
ES | Carbon fixation | Mg/hm2 | climate regulation and vegetation protection | Soil organic carbon sequestration of vegetation and soil |
Food supply | kcal/hm2 | Production capacity | Statistical yearbook | |
Soil conservation | t/hm2 | Water erosion | Universal soil loss equation (USLE) | |
Sand fixation | t/hm2 | Wind erosion | Revision wind erosion equation (RWEQ) | |
Hydrological adjustment | m3 | Regulate water resource | Reserves of precipitation resources |
Spearman Correlation | RPWB | Net Income | Water Environment | Rural-Urban Income Ratio | Living Space |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Carbon fixation | 0.529 ** | 0.096 | 0.409 * | 0.402 * | −0.221 |
Food supply | 0.009 | 0.479 ** | 0.076 | −0.155 | 0.647 ** |
Soil conservation | 0.422 * | 0.122 | 0.545 ** | 0.338 | −0.169 |
Sand fixation | −0.616 ** | −0.117 | −0.306 | −0.503 ** | 0.179 |
Hydrological adjustment | 0.560 ** | 0.195 | 0.642 ** | 0.353 * | −0.124 |
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Yan, Y.; Zhao, C.; Quan, Y.; Lu, H.; Rong, Y.; Wu, G. Interrelations of Ecosystem Services and Rural Population Wellbeing in an Ecologically-Fragile Area in North China. Sustainability 2017, 9, 709. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9050709
Yan Y, Zhao C, Quan Y, Lu H, Rong Y, Wu G. Interrelations of Ecosystem Services and Rural Population Wellbeing in an Ecologically-Fragile Area in North China. Sustainability. 2017; 9(5):709. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9050709
Chicago/Turabian StyleYan, Yan, Chunli Zhao, Yuan Quan, Huiting Lu, Yi Rong, and Gang Wu. 2017. "Interrelations of Ecosystem Services and Rural Population Wellbeing in an Ecologically-Fragile Area in North China" Sustainability 9, no. 5: 709. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9050709