Decoupling Analysis of China’s Product Sector Output and Its Embodied Carbon Emissions—An Empirical Study Based on Non-Competitive I-O and Tapio Decoupling Model
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Research Method and Model Construction
3.1. Application of I-O Model in the Estimation of Embodied Carbon Emissions
3.1.1. Model Construction of Competitive Embodied Carbon Emissions
3.1.2. Construction of Non-Competitive Embodied Carbon Emission Model
3.2. Method for Calculating the Elastic Coefficient of Decoupling
3.2.1. OECD Decoupling Index Model
3.2.2. Tapio Decoupling Elastic Model
3.2.3. Decoupling Model of Product Sector Output and Its Embodied Carbon Emissions
4. Data Sources and Processing
4.1. Division and Adjustment of Product Department
4.2. CO2 Emission Estimates from Energy Sources
5. Empirical Results and Discussion Analysis
5.1. Overall Perspective
5.2. Perspective from Each Industry in the Product Sector
5.3. Perspective of Three Industries
6. Conclusions and Policy Implications
- (1)
- Construct ecological and environmental protection of low carbon agriculture. Firstly, governments at all levels should gradually integrate the concept of low-carbon agriculture into management and decision-making, formulate and implement the relevant standards of agricultural production and products, and actively guide agricultural production and management bodies at all levels to establish a low-carbon concept. Secondly, in agricultural production, continue to promote the use of low-carbon standards of agricultural machinery, and at the same time increase the intensity of fiscal policy to promote the government’s special subsidies for agriculture funds priority for water-saving irrigation, precision fertilization and straw spraying and other green production activities. Thirdly, we should also reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, improve the utilization level of low carbon straw, promote solar energy and biogas and other renewable energy technologies.
- (2)
- Build a low carbon cycle industrial system. Firstly, supervise the approval of new projects effectively, to ensure that the source of high energy consumption and high pollution projects strictly controlled. Secondly, eliminate backward production capacity gradually, establish and improve the backward production capacity exit mechanism, and cultivate low consumption and high efficiency industries. According to the principle of agglomeration and green, cultivate and develop electronic information industry led by big data, health care industry with the goal of great health, a new type of building material industry with energy saving, environmental protection and low carbon and other emerging industries vigorously. Thirdly, build “ecological +” industrial park actively and implement “Internet +” industrial cluster construction action, in order to promote the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries to green low-carbon industry.
- (3)
- Build intensive and efficient service industry. Firstly, nurture and gather low-carbon service enterprises. Foster and gather a group of new energy, energy saving and environmental protection industries that are engaged in R&D, design, technology integration, consulting, sales, installation and service of customer service, logistics management and other aspects with good market prospects, high technology content, high rate of return on investment. Secondly, vigorously develop green finance. Encourage regional banks, insurance, securities, security and other institutions to develop green financial products, improving financial support for low-carbon service enterprises. Cooperate with professional organizations to explore the trading mechanism with greenhouse gas emissions, construct the trading center of green products, technology and property rights. Thirdly, encourage low-carbon services technology innovation and application. Encourage low-carbon service enterprises to strengthen technical cooperation with relevant professional institutions, research institutes and universities, accelerating the development of low-carbon technology to improve the level of scientific and technological innovation and application.
Supplementary Files
Supplementary File 1Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
I-O | Input–output |
LMDI | Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index Decomposition Method |
VAR | Vector Auto Regression |
DEA | Data Envelopment Analysis |
STIRPAT | Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence and Technology |
OECD | Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development |
IPCC | Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |
GDP | Gross Domestic Product |
UNEP | United Nations Environment Programme |
UNFCCC | The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |
GHG | Greenhouse Gas |
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Decoupling Relationship | Decoupling Index | Elastic Coefficient DI | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
First Level Index | Second Level Index | %ΔCO2 | %ΔGDP | |
Negative Decoupling | Weak Negative Decoupling | <0 | <0 | 0 < DI < 0.8 |
Strong Negative Decoupling | >0 | <0 | DI < 0 | |
Growth Negative Decoupling | >0 | >0 | DI > 1.2 | |
Decoupling | Recession Decoupling | <0 | <0 | DI > 1.2 |
Strong Decoupling | <0 | >0 | DI < 0 | |
Weak Decoupling | >0 | >0 | 0 < DI < 0.8 | |
Connection | Recession Connection | <0 | <0 | 0.8 < DI < 1.2 |
Growth Link | >0 | >0 | 0.8 < DI < 1.2 |
Codes | Product Industry Classification | Codes | Product Industry Classification |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Agriculture | 15 | Metal Product Industry |
2 | Coal Mining and Washing Industry | 16 | General and Special Equipment Manufacturing Industry |
3 | Petroleum and Natural Gas Mining Industry | 17 | Transportation Equipment Manufacturing Industry |
4 | Metal Mining and Dressing Industry | 18 | Electrical, Machinery, and Equipment Manufacturing Industry |
5 | Non-metallic Minerals and Other Mining Industries | 19 | Communication Equipment, Computer, and Other Electronic Equipment Manufacturing Industry |
6 | Food Manufacturing and Tobacco Processing Industry | 20 | Instruments, Meters, Cultural, and Office Machinery Manufacturing Industry |
7 | Textile Industry | 21 | Other Manufacturing Industries |
8 | Garment Down Leather Clothing and Other Manufacturing | 22 | Electricity, Heat Production, and Supply Industry |
9 | Timber Processing and Furniture Manufacturing | 23 | Fuel Gas Production and Supply Industry |
10 | Paper Printing and Cultural, Educational and Sports Goods Manufacturing Industry | 24 | Water Production and Supply Industry |
11 | Petroleum Processing, Coking, and Nuclear Fuel Processing Industry | 25 | Construction Industry |
12 | Chemical Industry | 26 | Transportation, Storage, and Postal Services |
13 | Non-metallic Mineral Products Industry | 27 | Wholesale, Retail, and Catering Industry |
14 | Metal Smelting and Rolling Processing Industry | 28 | Other Service Industry |
Correlation Coefficient | Coal | Coke | Crude | Petrol | Kerosene | Diesel Fuel | Fuel Oil | Natural Gas |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NCV Value | 0.020908 GJ/kg | 0.028435 GJ/kg | 0.041816 GJ/kg | 0.043070 GJ/kg | 0.043070 GJ/kg | 0.042652 GJ/kg | 0.041816 GJ/kg | 0.038931 GJ/m3 |
CEF Value | 26.0 kg/GJ | 29.2 kg/GJ | 20.0 kg/GJ | 19.0 kg/GJ | 19.6 kg/GJ | 20.2 kg/GJ | 21.1 kg/GJ | 15.3 kg/GJ |
COF Value | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
CO2 Emission Coefficient | 1.993 kg/kg | 3.045 kg/kg | 3.070 kg/kg | 3.001 kg/kg | 3.095 kg/kg | 3.159 kg/kg | 3.235 kg/kg | 2.184 kg/m3 |
Period | Decoupling Elasticity | Decoupling Relationship |
---|---|---|
2002–2005 | 0.90 | Growth Link |
2005–2007 | 0.59 | Weak Decoupling |
2007–2010 | 0.41 | Weak Decoupling |
2010–2012 | 0.27 | Weak Decoupling |
2002–2012 | 0.45 | Weak Decoupling |
Product Sector | 2002–2005 | 2005–2007 | 2007–2010 | 2010–2012 | 2002–2012 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Decoupling Elasticity | Decoupling Relationship | Decoupling Elasticity | Decoupling Relationship | Decoupling Elasticity | Decoupling Relationship | Decoupling Elasticity | Decoupling Relationship | Decoupling Elasticity | Decoupling Relationship | |
Agriculture | 0.53 | Weak Decoupling | −0.08 | Strong Decoupling | 0.34 | Weak Decoupling | 0.63 | Weak Decoupling | 0.28 | Weak Decoupling |
Coal Mining and Washing Industry | 1.10 | Growth Link | 0.38 | Weak Decoupling | 0.36 | Weak Decoupling | 0.44 | Weak Decoupling | 0.46 | Weak Decoupling |
Petroleum and Natural Gas Mining Industry | −0.22 | Strong Decoupling | 0.88 | Growth Link | 0.11 | Weak Decoupling | −3.58 | Strong Decoupling | 0.04 | Weak Decoupling |
Metal Mining and Dressing Industry | 0.81 | Growth Link | 0.68 | Weak Decoupling | 0.58 | Weak Decoupling | −1.82 | Strong Decoupling | 0.39 | Weak Decoupling |
Non-metallic Minerals and Other Mining Industry | 1.02 | Growth Link | 0.44 | Weak Decoupling | 0.73 | Weak Decoupling | −0.60 | Strong Decoupling | 0.39 | Weak Decoupling |
Food Manufacturing and Tobacco Processing Industry | 0.58 | Weak Decoupling | 0.54 | Weak Decoupling | 0.48 | Weak Decoupling | 0.11 | Weak Decoupling | 0.31 | Weak Decoupling |
Textile Industry | 0.82 | Growth Link | 0.68 | Weak Decoupling | −0.19 | Strong Decoupling | −0.25 | Strong Decoupling | 0.35 | Weak Decoupling |
Garment Leather Down and Other Manufacturing Industries | 0.77 | Weak Decoupling | 0.81 | Growth Link | 0.24 | Weak Decoupling | 0.03 | Weak Decoupling | 0.43 | Weak Decoupling |
Timber Processing and Furniture Manufacturing | 0.87 | Growth Link | 0.55 | Weak Decoupling | 0.68 | Weak Decoupling | −0.27 | Strong Decoupling | 0.39 | Weak Decoupling |
Paper Printing and Cultural, Educational and Sporting Goods Manufacturing Industry | 1.13 | Weak Decoupling | 0.38 | Weak Decoupling | 0.44 | Weak Decoupling | 0.50 | Weak Decoupling | 0.51 | Weak Decoupling |
Petroleum Processing, Coking, and Nuclear Fuel Processing Industry | 0.60 | Weak Decoupling | 0.30 | Weak Decoupling | 0.48 | Weak Decoupling | 0.40 | Weak Decoupling | 0.30 | Weak Decoupling |
Chemical Industry | 0.68 | Weak Decoupling | 0.55 | Weak Decoupling | 0.31 | Weak Decoupling | 0.54 | Weak Decoupling | 0.39 | Weak Decoupling |
Non-metallic Mineral Products Industry | 0.70 | Weak Decoupling | 0.28 | Weak Decoupling | 0.52 | Weak Decoupling | 0.08 | Weak Decoupling | 0.36 | Weak Decoupling |
Metal Smelting and Rolling Processing Industry | 0.88 | Growth Link | 0.36 | Weak Decoupling | 0.44 | Weak Decoupling | 0.50 | Weak Decoupling | 0.40 | Weak Decoupling |
Metal Product Industry | 0.85 | Growth Link | 0.47 | Weak Decoupling | 0.57 | Weak Decoupling | 0.31 | Weak Decoupling | 0.44 | Weak Decoupling |
General and Special Equipment Manufacturing Industry | 1.09 | Growth Link | 0.32 | Weak Decoupling | 0.65 | Weak Decoupling | −1.24 | Strong Decoupling | 0.42 | Weak Decoupling |
Transportation Equipment Manufacturing Industry | 1.07 | Growth Link | 0.41 | Weak Decoupling | 0.60 | Weak Decoupling | −0.70 | Strong Decoupling | 0.43 | Weak Decoupling |
Electrical, Mechanical and Equipment Manufacturing Industry | 0.95 | Growth Link | 0.55 | Weak Decoupling | 0.62 | Weak Decoupling | −0.52 | Strong Decoupling | 0.52 | Weak Decoupling |
Communications Equipment, Computer and Other Electronic Equipment Manufacturing Industry | 0.98 | Growth Link | 0.16 | Weak Decoupling | 0.77 | Weak Decoupling | −0.90 | Strong Decoupling | 0.39 | Weak Decoupling |
Instruments, Meters, Cultural and Office Machinery Manufacturing Industry | 0.92 | Growth Link | −0.33 | Strong Decoupling | 0.66 | Weak Decoupling | 1.50 | Recessive Decoupling | 0.28 | Weak Decoupling |
Other Manufacturing Industries | 0.93 | Growth Link | 0.50 | Weak Decoupling | 0.30 | Weak Decoupling | 1.08 | Recessive Link | 0.30 | Weak Decoupling |
Electricity, Heat Production and Supply Industry | 0.51 | Weak Decoupling | 1.12 | Weak Decoupling | 0.29 | Weak Decoupling | 0.97 | Growth Link | 0.50 | Weak Decoupling |
Fuel Gas Production and Supply Industry | 0.46 | Weak Decoupling | −0.17 | Strong Decoupling | 0.14 | Weak Decoupling | −0.02 | Strong Decoupling | 0.06 | Weak Decoupling |
Water Production and Supply Industry | 0.71 | Weak Decoupling | 0.36 | Weak Decoupling | 0.74 | Weak Decoupling | 12.73 | Recessive Decoupling | 0.27 | Weak Decoupling |
Construction Industry | 0.61 | Weak Decoupling | 0.88 | Growth Link | 0.40 | Weak Decoupling | 0.47 | Weak Decoupling | 0.45 | Weak Decoupling |
Transportation, Storage, and Postal Services | 0.72 | Weak Decoupling | 0.42 | Weak Decoupling | 0.56 | Weak Decoupling | 0.25 | Weak Decoupling | 0.41 | Weak Decoupling |
Wholesale, Retail and Catering Industry | −0.11 | Strong Decoupling | 0.74 | Weak Decoupling | −0.04 | Strong Decoupling | 0.06 | Weak Decoupling | 0.10 | Weak Decoupling |
Other Services Industry | 1.00 | Growth Link | 0.00 | Weak Decoupling | 0.43 | Weak Decoupling | 0.39 | Weak Decoupling | 0.35 | Weak Decoupling |
Three Industries | 2002–2005 | 2005–2007 | 2007–2010 | 2010–2012 | 2002–2012 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Decoupling Elasticity | Decoupling Relationship | Decoupling Elasticity | Decoupling Relationship | Decoupling Elasticity | Decoupling Relationship | Decoupling Elasticity | Decoupling Relationship | Decoupling Elasticity | Decoupling Relationship | |
First Industry | 0.53 | Weak Decoupling | −0.08 | Strong Decoupling | 0.34 | Weak Decoupling | 0.63 | Weak Decoupling | 0.28 | Weak Decoupling |
Second Industry | 0.82 | Growth Link | 0.56 | Weak Decoupling | 0.42 | Weak Decoupling | 0.32 | Weak Decoupling | 0.44 | Weak Decoupling |
Third Industry | 0.83 | Growth Link | 0.28 | Weak Decoupling | 0.40 | Weak Decoupling | 0.26 | Weak Decoupling | 0.32 | Weak Decoupling |
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Hu, J.; Gui, S.; Zhang, W. Decoupling Analysis of China’s Product Sector Output and Its Embodied Carbon Emissions—An Empirical Study Based on Non-Competitive I-O and Tapio Decoupling Model. Sustainability 2017, 9, 815. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9050815
Hu J, Gui S, Zhang W. Decoupling Analysis of China’s Product Sector Output and Its Embodied Carbon Emissions—An Empirical Study Based on Non-Competitive I-O and Tapio Decoupling Model. Sustainability. 2017; 9(5):815. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9050815
Chicago/Turabian StyleHu, Jianbo, Shanshan Gui, and Wei Zhang. 2017. "Decoupling Analysis of China’s Product Sector Output and Its Embodied Carbon Emissions—An Empirical Study Based on Non-Competitive I-O and Tapio Decoupling Model" Sustainability 9, no. 5: 815. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9050815