Measuring Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Heavy Metal Contaminations in a Network-Constrained Environment: A Case Study in River Network of Daye, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Data
2.2. Network Inverse Distance Weighted Interpolation
2.3. Local Indicators of Network-Constrained Clusters Approaches
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Sample Characteristics
3.2. Accuracy of Interpolation Methods
3.3. Spatial Variation of the Cu and Pb Contaminations
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Heavy Metal Content | Min | Max | Mean | Median | Standard Deviation | Background Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cu (mg/kg) | 121.00 | 9490.00 | 1705.92 | 1007.00 | 2195.42 | 20.7 1 |
Pb (mg/kg) | 18.50 | 5810.00 | 621.15 | 109.00 | 1270.96 | 23.5 1 |
Methods | Mean Absolute Error (MAE) | Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Cu | Pb | Cu | Pb | |
netIDW4 | 4.099 | 1.360 | 7.432 | 3.583 |
netIDW5 | 3.251 | 1.066 | 5.993 | 2.882 |
netIDW6 | 3.616 | 1.213 | 6.676 | 3.283 |
netIDW7 | 3.580 | 1.116 | 6.543 | 2.044 |
IDW1 | 131.107 | 50.370 | 171.801 | 78.105 |
IDW2 | 7.415 | 3.410 | 15.946 | 6.903 |
IDW3 | 7.318 | 3.509 | 16.672 | 9.532 |
IDW4 | 7.530 | 3.610 | 17.747 | 8.636 |
LP1 | 554.623 | 263.887 | 913.455 | 479.400 |
LP2 | 465.478 | 205.400 | 825.466 | 444.118 |
LP3 | 305.627 | 136.610 | 598.253 | 332.665 |
RBF-CRS | 23.405 | 8.102 | 37.788 | 12.566 |
RBF-IMQ | 24.315 | 8.339 | 38.999 | 12.752 |
RBF-MQ | 22.719 | 8.030 | 37.000 | 13.300 |
RBF-ST | 18.594 | 6.450 | 28.288 | 9.902 |
RBF-TPS | 24.320 | 8.505 | 35.192 | 12.580 |
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Wang, Z.; Nie, K. Measuring Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Heavy Metal Contaminations in a Network-Constrained Environment: A Case Study in River Network of Daye, China. Sustainability 2017, 9, 986. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9060986
Wang Z, Nie K. Measuring Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Heavy Metal Contaminations in a Network-Constrained Environment: A Case Study in River Network of Daye, China. Sustainability. 2017; 9(6):986. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9060986
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Zhensheng, and Ke Nie. 2017. "Measuring Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Heavy Metal Contaminations in a Network-Constrained Environment: A Case Study in River Network of Daye, China" Sustainability 9, no. 6: 986. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9060986