Sources of Organizational Resilience for Sustainable Communities: An Institutional Collective Action Perspective
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Consideration
2.1. Organizational Resilience
2.2. Institutional Collective Action Framework
2.3. Structural Effects on Organizational Resilience
2.4. Emergency Management in South Korea
3. Research Site, Data, and Methods
3.1. Sample Selection
3.2. Measuring Organizational Resilience
3.3. Interorganizational Collaboration
3.4. Bonding Effects
3.5. Bridging Effects
3.6. Previous Interaction Effects
3.7. Control Variables
3.8. Methods of Analysis: Heckman Selection Model
4. Results and Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Waugh, W. Terrorism, Homeland Security and the National Emergency Management Network. Public Organ. Rev. 2003, 3, 2373–2385. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kapucu, N.; Hawkins, C.V.; Rivera, F.I. (Eds.) Disaster Resiliency: Interdisciplinary Perspectives; Routledge: Abingdon, UK, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Jung, K. Community Resiliency and Emergency Management Networks: Following the 2012 Korean Typhoons; Quick Response Report QR237; Natural Hazards Center: Boulder, CO, USA, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Quarantelli, E.L.; Lagadec, P.; Boin, A. A heuristic approach to future disasters and crises: New, old, and in-between types. Handb. Disaster Res. 2006. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Drabek, T.E.; McEntire, D.A. Emergent phenomena and multiorganizational coordination in disasters: Lessons from the research literature. Int. J. Mass Emerg. Disasters 2002, 20, 197–224. [Google Scholar]
- Phillips, B.D.; Neal, D.M.; Webb, G. Introduction to Emergency Management; CRC Press: Florida, FL, USA, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Feiock, R.C. Rational Choice and Regional Governance. J. Urban Aff. 2007, 29, 49–65. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Feiock, R.C.; Scholz, J.T. (Eds.) Self-Organizing Federalism: Collaborative Mechanisms to Mitigate Institutional Collective Action Dilemmas; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Norris, F.H.; Stevens, S.P.; Pfefferbaum, B.; Wyche, K.F.; Pfefferbaum, R.L. Community Resilience as a Metaphor, Theory, Set of Capacities, and Strategy for Disaster Readiness. Am. J. Community Psychol. 2008, 41, 127–150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- National Research Council. Building Community Disaster Resilience through Private-Public Collaboration; National Academies Press: Washington, DC, USA, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Cox, R.S.; Perry, K.M.E. Like a Fish Out of Water: Reconsidering Disaster Recovery and the Role of Place and Social Capital in Community Disaster Resilience. Am. J. Community Psychol. 2011, 48, 395–411. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- National Research Council. Applications of Social Network Analysis for Building Community Disaster Resilience: Workshop Summary; National Academies Press: Washington, DC, USA, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Martin-Breen, P.; Anderies, J.M. Resilience: A Literature Review; The Rockefeller Foundation: New York, NY, USA, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Tidball, K.G. Trees and rebirth: social-ecological symbols and rituals in the resilience of post-Katrina New Orleans. In Greening in the Red Zone; Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2014; pp. 257–296. [Google Scholar]
- Berkes, F.; Colding, J.; Folke, C. Navigating Social-Ecological Systems: Building Resilience for Complexity and Change; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2003. [Google Scholar]
- Ostrom, E. Governing the Commons; Cambridge University Press: New York, NY, USA, 1990. [Google Scholar]
- Janssen, M.; Anderies, J.; Ostrom, E. Robustness of social-ecological systems to spatial and temporal variability. Soc. Nat. Resour. 2007, 20, 307–322. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Andrew, S.A. Regional Integration through Contracting Networks: An Empirical Analysis of Institutional Collection Action Framework. Urban Aff. Rev. 2009, 44, 378–402. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jung, K.; Song, M. Linking Emergency Management Networks to Disaster Resilience: Bonding and Bridging Strategy in Hierarchical or Horizontal Collaboration Networks. Qual. Quant. 2015, 49, 1465–1483. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Andrew, S.A.; Carr, J.B. Mitigating Uncertainty and Risk in Planning for Regional Preparedness: The Role of Bonding and Bridging Relationships. Urban Stud. 2012. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brunsma, D.L.; Overfelt, D.; Picou, S.J. The Sociology of Katrina: Perspectives on a Modern Catastrophe; Rowman & Littlefield Publishers: Lanham, MD, USA, 2007. [Google Scholar]
- Cho, S.E.; Jung, K.; Park, H.W. Social Media Use during the 2011 Japan Earthquake: How Twitter Transforms the Locus of Crisis Communication. Media Int. Aust. Inc. Cult. Policy 2011, 149, 28–40. [Google Scholar]
- Quarantelli, E.L. Community crises: An exploratory comparison of the characteristics and consequences of disasters and riots. J. Conting. Crisis Manag. 1993, 2, 67–78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dynes, R.R. Situational Altruism: Toward an Explanation of Pathologies in Disaster Assistance. 1994. Available online: http://udspace.udel.edu/handle/19716/586 (accessed on 29 June 2017).
- Feiock, R.C. The institutional collective action framework. Policy Stud. J. 2013, 41, 397–425. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ostrom, E. Understanding Institutional Diversity; Princeton University Press: Princeton, NJ, USA, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Brown, T.L.; Potoski, M. Transaction costs and contracting: The practitioner perspective. Publ. Perform. Manag. Rev. 2005, 28, 326–351. [Google Scholar]
- Freeman, L. The gatekeeper, pair-dependency and structural centrality. Qual. Quant. 1980, 14, 585–592. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wasserman, S.; Faust, K. Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications; Cambridge University Press: New York, NY, USA, 1994. [Google Scholar]
- Leonard, M. Bonding and Bridging Social Capital: Reflections from Belfast. Sociology 2004, 38, 927–944. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Comfort, L.K. Crisis management in hindsight: Cognition, communication, coordination, and control. Public Adm. Rev. 2007, 67, 189–197. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Robinson, D. A Course in the Theory of Groups; Springer Science & Business Media: Berlin, Germany, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Owen, W.F. Metaphor analysis of cohesiveness and small discussion groups. Small Group Behav. 1985, 16, 415–424. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vasavada, T. Managing disaster networks in India. Public Manag. Rev. 2013, 15, 363–382. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sylves, R. Disaster Policy and Politics; CQ Press: Washington, DC, USA, 2008; pp. 46–75. [Google Scholar]
- Lin, N. Social Capital: A Theory of Social Structure and Action; Cambridge University Press: New York, NY, USA, 2001. [Google Scholar]
- Waugh, W.L. Coordination or control: organizational design and the emergency management function. Int. J. Disaster Prev. Manag. 1993, 2, 17–31. [Google Scholar]
- Kapucu, N.; Arslan, T.; Collins, M.L. Examining Intergovernmental and Interorganizational Response to Catastrophic Disasters: Toward a Network-Centered Approach. Adm. Soc. 2010, 42, 222–247. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Choi, S.O.; Brower, R.S. When Practice Matters More Than Government Plans: A Network Analysis of Local Emergency Management. Adm. Soc. 2006, 37, 651–678. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Choi, S.O.; Kim, B.T. Power and Cognitive Accuracy in Local Emergency Management Networks. Public Adm. Rev. 2007, 67, 198–209. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Perry, R.W.; Lindell, M.K. Preparedness for emergency response: guidelines for the emergency planning process. Disasters 2003, 27, 336–350. [Google Scholar]
- Alexander, A.J.; Bandiera, G.W.; Mazurik, L. A multiphase disaster training exercise for emergency medicine residents: opportunity knocks. Acad. Emerg. Med. 2005, 12, 404–409. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kapucu, N.; Arslan, T.; Demiroz, F. Collaborative emergency management and national emergency management network. Disaster Prev. Manag. Int. J. 2010, 19, 452–468. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- The Basic Act on Emergency and Safety Management. 2004. Available online: https://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/CentersOffices/OPPLA/OfficeofLegislation/default.htm (accessed on 22 October 2012).
- Jung, K.; Jeong, M.G. An Analysis on Economic Effect of Urban Collaborative Network for Great-sphere Economic Policy: Focusing on the case of Korean Southeastern Area. Korean Policy Stud. Rev. 2010, 19, 313–340. [Google Scholar]
- National Emergency Management Agency. Disaster Yearbook, 2011a; National Emergency Management Agency: Seoul, Korea, 2011.
- National Emergency Management Agency. Chronological List of Disasters, 2011b; National Emergency Management Agency: Seoul, Korea, 2011.
- Bruneau, M.; Chang, S.E.; Eguchi, R.T.; Lee, G.C.; O’Rourke, T.D.; Reinhorn, A.M.; Shinozuka, M.; Tierney, K.; Wallace, W.A.; von Winterfeldti, D. A Framework to Quantitatively Assess and Enhance the Seismic Resilience of Communities. Earthq. Spectra 2003, 19, 733–752. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kendra, J.M.; Wachtendorf, T. Elements of Resilience after the World Trade Center Disaster: Reconstituting New York City’s Emergency Operations Centre. Disasters 2003, 27, 37–53. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cutter, S.L.; Boruff, B.J.; Shirley, W.L. Social Vulnerability to Environmental Hazards. Soc. Sci. Q. 2003, 84, 242–261. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Heckman, J.J. Statistical Models for Discrete Panel Data; Department of Economics and Graduate School of Business, University of Chicago: Chicago, IL, USA, 1979. [Google Scholar]
- Murphy, B. Locating social capital in resilient community-level emergency management. Nat. Hazards 2007, 41, 297–315. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Scott, J. Social Network Analysis: A Handbook; Sage Publications: London, UK, 2000. [Google Scholar]
- Valero, J.N.; Jung, K.; Andrew, S.A. Does Transformational Leadership Matter in Building Resilient Public and Nonprofit organizations? Disaster Prev. Manag. 2015, 24, 4–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Organizational Types | Before Typhoons | After Typhoons | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency | Others Cited | Frequency | Others Cited | |
National agencies | - | 5 | - | 5 |
Regional agencies | - | 6 | - | 6 |
Local governments | 43 | - | 43 | - |
Fire stations | 34 | 9 | 24 | 19 |
Police stations | 28 | 15 | 20 | 23 |
Non-governmental organizations | 25 | 5 | 25 | 5 |
Total | 130 | 40 | 112 | 58 |
Dimensions | Survey Questions * |
---|---|
Robustness | Would you agree that your [organization] has the ability (or been able) to overcome operational disruptions immediately caused by a disaster? |
Rapidity | How would you rank the RAPIDITY of providing assistant to disaster victims with resources that you have? |
Resourcefulness | Do you agree that your organization is RESOURCEFUL in order to meet the needs of disaster victims and their communities? |
Redundancy | Do you agree that your organization has the ABILITY to carry out routine tasks and, at the same time, help victims and their communities to cope with disasters? |
Variable | Concept | Measurement | Source |
---|---|---|---|
Selection | Participation in CEM | Coded 1 if a public organization participated in local emergency management planning, 0 otherwise | 2012 SER EM Survey |
Outcome | Organizational resilience | Score of the perceived organizational resilience index | 2013 SER EM Survey |
Full Exercise | Previous interaction | Coded 1 if an organization has implemented joint full-size EM exercise with its collaborators, 0 otherwise | 2012 SER EM Survey |
Total Emergency Manager | Personnel resource | The number of EM staff | 2011 Government Census |
Public Safety Expenditure | Financial resource | Percentage of public safety expenditure | 2011 Government Finance Yearbook |
EM Department | Institutional resource | Coded 1 if a public organization has a specialized EM department | 2012 SER EM Survey |
Ratio of Senior population | Social vulnerability | Percentage of population older than 65 from the total population | 2010 Census of Population |
Coastal Area | Environmental vulnerability | Coded 1 if a public organization is located on a coastal city, 0 otherwise | 2012 SER EM Survey |
River Side | Environmental vulnerability | Coded 1 if a public organization is located on a riverside city, 0 otherwise | 2012 SER EM Survey |
Local Government | Local EM coordinator | Coded 1 for local government, 0 otherwise | 2011 Government Census |
Variable | N | Mean | Std. Dev. | Min. | Max. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Collaborative Emergency Management (CEM) | 130 | 0.891 | 0.312 | 0 | 1 |
Organizational Resilience Index | 112 | 77.261 | 12.778 | 50 | 100 |
Bonding Effects (Closeness) | 130 | 8.942 | 2.334 | 0 | 10.01 |
Bridging Effects (Betweenness) | 130 | 4.696 | 7.169 | 0 | 37.82 |
Previous Interaction Effects (Full exercise) | 130 | 0.302 | 0.461 | 0 | 1 |
Total Emergency Manager | 130 | 6.651 | 2.439 | 2 | 14 |
Public Safety Expenditure | 130 | 14.691 | 1.046 | 12.641 | 17.429 |
EM Department | 130 | 0.484 | 0.502 | 0 | 1 |
Ratio of Senior Population | 130 | 0.145 | 0.076 | 0.041 | 0.308 |
Coastal Area | 130 | 0.465 | 0.501 | 0 | 1 |
River Side | 130 | 0.256 | 0.438 | 0 | 1 |
Local Government | 130 | 0.636 | 0.483 | 0 | 1 |
Variable | Coefficient | Std. Err. |
---|---|---|
Selection Equation (likelihood of participating in CRM) | ||
Total EM Staff 2011 | −0.146 ** | 0.106 |
Public Safety Expenditure 2011 | 0.745 *** | 0.282 |
EM Department 2011 | 0.467 | 0.519 |
Ratio of Senior Population | 0.041 | 0.027 |
Coastal Area | −0.016 | 0.358 |
Riverside | 0.114 | 0.441 |
Local Government | 6.024 *** | 2.521 |
Constant | −12.348 ** | 4.998 |
Outcome Equation (organizational resilience index) | ||
Bonding Effects | 0.881 | 0.604 |
Bridging Effects | 0.218 ** | 0.109 |
Previous Interaction Effects | 0.676 | 2.723 |
Total EM Staff 2011 | −0.487 | 0.727 |
Public Safety Expenditure 2011 | 1.258 | 1.819 |
EM Department 2011 | 5.388 | 3.374 |
Ratio of Senior Population | −0.396 ** | 0.177 |
Coastal Area | 6.508 *** | 2.432 |
Riverside | 1.031 | 2.717 |
Local Government | 4.936 * | 2.875 |
Constant | 60.292 * | 33.034 |
N (uncensored) | 130 (112) | |
Log Likelihood | −475.504 | |
Wald χ2 | 32.81 *** | |
LR test of Indep. eqns. (rho = 0) | 1.08 * |
© 2017 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Jung, K. Sources of Organizational Resilience for Sustainable Communities: An Institutional Collective Action Perspective. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1141. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9071141
Jung K. Sources of Organizational Resilience for Sustainable Communities: An Institutional Collective Action Perspective. Sustainability. 2017; 9(7):1141. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9071141
Chicago/Turabian StyleJung, Kyujin. 2017. "Sources of Organizational Resilience for Sustainable Communities: An Institutional Collective Action Perspective" Sustainability 9, no. 7: 1141. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9071141