Using LMDI to Analyze the Decoupling of Carbon Dioxide Emissions from China’s Heavy Industry
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Decomposition Analysis
2.2. The Decomposition-Based Decoupling Model
3. Data
3.1. Energy Consumption
3.2. Carbon Emission
4. Results and Conclusion
4.1. Decomposition of Carbon Emission
4.2. Decoupling Analysis
4.3. Conclusions and Discussions
- (1)
- The increase of labor productivity (LP) and the industry scale (IS) are the main reason for the increase of carbon emission in China’s heavy industry. LP, which is represented by industrial added value per capita, can ethier increase the carbon emission by the replacement of labor with machine, or reduce the carbon emission by the improvement in efficiency. China’s heavy industry has experienced a rapid development in the past several decades, which has also led to the rapid increase of mechanization and energy consumption.
- (2)
- Energy intensity (EI) had a significantly negative effect on carbon dioxide emissions since 1996. The negative effect on carbon emission can reflect the progress of energy efficiency in China’s heavy industry. The effect of energy structure (ES) became negative since 2006, and the absolute value has been increased during the last two periods. This indicates that the clean and low carbon transformation of China's energy structure has a certain effect.
- (3)
- The results of decoupling analysis shows weak decoupling during 1992–2015, and the decoupling effect continued to increase since 2005. This indicates that the existing efforts of carbon emission reduction have accomplished a certain effect, but it still needs to be strengthened as the decoupling index (DI) are all smaller than 1.
5. Policy Implications
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
No. | SIC Code | Heavy Industry | No. | SIC Code | Light Industry |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 6 | Mining and washing of coal | 27 | 13 | Agricultural food processing |
2 | 7 | Extraction of petroleum and natural gas | 28 | 14 | Manufacture of food |
3 | 8 | Mining and processing of ferrous metal ores | 29 | 15 | Manufacture of drink |
4 | 9 | Mining and processing of non-ferrous metal ores | 30 | 16 | Manufacture of tobacco |
5 | 10 | Mining and processing of nonmetal ores | 31 | 17 | Textile industry |
6 | 20 | Processing of timber, manufacture of wood, bamboo, rattan, palm and straw products | 32 | 18 | Manufacture of textile and garment, shoes, hats |
7 | 25 | Processing of petroleum, coking, processing of nuclear fuel | 33 | 19 | Manufacture of leather, fur, feather |
8 | 26 | Manufacture of raw chemical materials and chemical products | 34 | 21 | Manufacture of furniture |
9 | 27 | Manufacture of medicines | 35 | 22 | Paper and paper products |
10 | 29 | Manufacture of rubber | 36 | 23 | Copy of printing and recording medium |
11 | 30 | Manufacture of plastics | 37 | 24 | Manufacture of cultural and educational sporting goods |
12 | 31 | Manufacture of non-metallic mineral products | 38 | 28 | Manufacture of chemical fiber |
13 | 32 | Smelting and pressing of ferrous metals | 39 | 42 | Manufacture of arts and crafts, and other |
14 | 33 | Smelting and pressing of non-ferrous metals | |||
15 | 34 | Manufacture of metal products | |||
16 | 35 | Manufacture of general purpose machinery | |||
17 | 36 | Manufacture of special purpose machinery | |||
18 | 37 | Manufacture of transport equipment | |||
19 | 39 | Manufacture of electrical machinery and equipment | |||
20 | 40 | Manufacture of communication equipment, computers and other electronic Equipment | |||
21 | 41 | Manufacture of measuring instruments and machinery for cultural activity and Office work | |||
22 | 44 | Production and supply of electric power and heat power | |||
23 | 45 | Production and supply of gas | |||
24 | 46 | Production and supply of water | |||
25 | 11 | Mining of other ores | |||
26 | 43 | Recycling and disposal of waste |
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Multiplier in Equation (2) | Abbreviation | Description |
---|---|---|
CI | Carbon intensity: The amount of carbon by weight emitted per unit of energy consumed. | |
ES | Energy structure: the proportion of fossil energy in total energy consumption. | |
EI | Energy intensity: energy consumption per unit of GDP. | |
LP | Output per capita: industrial added value per capita. | |
W | IS | Industry scale: the number of employees in the heavy industry. |
Energy Type | Raw Coal | Cleaned Coal | Other Washed Coal | Coke |
---|---|---|---|---|
Carbon emissions coefficient | 1.980356 | 2.495249 | 1.107727 | 3.046316 |
unit | Mt/Mt | Mt/Mt | Mt/Mt | Mt/Mt |
Energy type | Coke oven gas | Other goal gas | Other coke products | Crude oil |
Carbon emissions coefficient | 929.4696 | 776.149 | 3.135913 | 3.409916 |
unit | Mt/Mm3 | Mt/Mm3 | Mt/Mt | Mt/Mt |
Energy type | Gasoline | kerosene | Diesel oil | Fuel oil |
Carbon emissions coefficient | 3.044655 | 3.198454 | 3.174568 | 3.04218 |
unit | Mt/Mt | Mt/Mt | Mt/Mt | Mt/Mt |
Energy type | LPG | Refinery dry gas | Other petroleum products | Natural gas |
Carbon emissions coefficient | 3.022209 | 3.617395 | 3.35 | 2090.427 |
unit | Mt/Mt | Mt/Mt | Mt/Mt | Mt/Mm3 |
DI | DI | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1992 | 51.92 | 188.81 | −136.89 | 0.73 | 2004 | 323.87 | 1998.89 | −759.19 | 0.38 |
1993 | 161.43 | 390.92 | −177.57 | 0.45 | 2005 | 384.72 | 2510.61 | −886.19 | 0.35 |
1994 | 62.78 | 335.08 | −58.96 | 0.18 | 2006 | 259.78 | 2984.30 | −1100.10 | 0.37 |
1995 | 196.82 | 317.90 | 155.05 | −0.49 | 2007 | 315.24 | 3494.10 | −1294.65 | 0.37 |
1996 | −42.96 | 379.21 | 50.78 | −0.13 | 2008 | 126.05 | 3793.79 | −1468.29 | 0.39 |
1997 | 34.16 | 471.13 | −6.99 | 0.01 | 2009 | 338.89 | 4229.36 | −1564.97 | 0.37 |
1998 | 47.56 | 460.82 | 50.88 | −0.11 | 2010 | 39.39 | 4532.74 | −1828.96 | 0.40 |
1999 | −70.09 | 583.59 | −141.98 | 0.24 | 2011 | 282.43 | 5011.61 | −2025.40 | 0.40 |
2000 | 7.36 | 756.94 | −307.97 | 0.41 | 2012 | 22.69 | 5214.92 | −2206.01 | 0.42 |
2001 | 113.28 | 892.05 | −329.81 | 0.37 | 2013 | 128.41 | 5520.21 | −2382.90 | 0.43 |
2002 | 59.28 | 1078.33 | −456.81 | 0.42 | 2014 | 22.09 | 5705.91 | −2546.51 | 0.45 |
2003 | 294.31 | 1501.47 | −585.63 | 0.39 | 2015 | -178.61 | 5668.47 | −2687.68 | 0.47 |
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Boqiang, L.; Liu, K. Using LMDI to Analyze the Decoupling of Carbon Dioxide Emissions from China’s Heavy Industry. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1198. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9071198
Boqiang L, Liu K. Using LMDI to Analyze the Decoupling of Carbon Dioxide Emissions from China’s Heavy Industry. Sustainability. 2017; 9(7):1198. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9071198
Chicago/Turabian StyleBoqiang, Lin, and Kui Liu. 2017. "Using LMDI to Analyze the Decoupling of Carbon Dioxide Emissions from China’s Heavy Industry" Sustainability 9, no. 7: 1198. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9071198