Mapping and Quantifying Spatial and Temporal Dynamics and Bundles of Travel Flows of Residents Visiting Urban Parks
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Data Collection
2.1.1. Park Sampling
2.1.2. Questionnaire
2.2. Mapping and Quantifying Spatial Travel Flows
2.3. Identifying Temporal Dynamics of Travel Flows
2.4. Bundling Spatial and Temporal Travel Flows
3. Results
3.1. Respondents’ Profiles
3.2. Characteristics of Spatial Travel Flows
3.3. Temporal Dynamics of Travel Flows
3.4. Spatial and Temporal Bundles of Travel Flows
4. Discussion
4.1. Travel Flows for Visiting Parks
4.2. Bundles of Trips to Parks
4.3. Limitations and Future Research
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References
- Brown, G.; Schebella, M.F.; Weber, D. Using participatory GIS to measure physical activity and urban park benefits. Landsc. Urban Plan. 2014, 121, 34–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dzhambov, A.M.; Dimitrova, D.D. Elderly visitors of an urban park, health anxiety and individual awareness of nature experiences. Urban For. Urban Green. 2014, 13, 806–813. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vrebos, D.; Staes, J.; Vandenbroucke, T.; Johnston, R.; Muhumuza, M.; Kasabeke, C.; Meire, P. Mapping ecosystem service flows with land cover scoring maps for data-scarce regions. Ecosyst. Serv. 2015, 13, 28–40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Buliung, R.N.; Roorda, M.J.; Remmel, T.K. Exploring spatial variety in patterns of activity-travel behaviour: Initial results from the Toronto Travel-Activity Panel Survey (TTAPS). Transportation 2008, 35, 697–722. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Feng, J.; Dijst, M.; Wissink, B.; Prillwitz, J. The impacts of household structure on the travel behaviour of seniors and young parents in China. J. Transp. Geogr. 2013, 30, 117–126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Roorda, M.J.; Ruiz, T.S. Long- and short-term dynamics in activity scheduling: A structural equations approach. Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract. 2008, 42, 545–562. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Thøgersen, J. Understanding repetitive travel mode choices in a stable context: A panel study approach. Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract. 2006, 40, 621–638. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Taff, D.; Newman, P.; Pettebone, D.; White, D.D.; Lawson, S.R.; Monz, C.; Vagias, W.M. Dimensions of alternative transportation experience in Yosemite and Rocky Mountain National Parks. J. Transp. Geogr. 2013, 30, 37–46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mace, B.L.; Marquit, J.D.; Bates, S.C. Visitor Assessment of the Mandatory Alternative Transportation System at Zion National Park. Environ. Manag. 2013, 52, 1271–1285. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bertram, C.; Meyerhoff, J.; Rehdanz, K.; Wüstemann, H. Differences in the recreational value of urban parks between weekdays and weekends: A discrete choice analysis. Landsc. Urban Plan. 2017, 159, 5–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hewer, M.; Scott, D.; Fenech, A. Seasonal weather sensitivity, temperature thresholds, and climate change impacts for park visitation. Tour. Geogr. 2016, 18, 297–321. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Czajkowski, M.; Ahtiainen, H.; Artell, J.; Budziński, W.; Hasler, B.; Hasselström, L.; Meyerhoff, J.; Nõmmann, T.; Semeniene, D.; Söderqvist, T.; et al. Valuing the commons: An international study on the recreational benefits of the Baltic Sea. J. Environ. Manag. 2015, 156, 209–217. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Orsi, F.; Geneletti, D. Assessing the effects of access policies on travel mode choices in an Alpine tourist destination. J. Transp. Geogr. 2014, 39, 21–35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zheng, W.; Huang, X.; Li, Y. Understanding the tourist mobility using GPS: Where is the next place? Tour. Manag. 2017, 59, 267–280. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yu, C.; He, Z. Analysing the spatial-temporal characteristics of bus travel demand using the heat map. J. Transp. Geogr. 2017, 58, 247–255. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Smallwood, C.B.; Beckley, L.E.; Moore, S.A. An analysis of visitor movement patterns using travel networks in a large marine park, north-western Australia. Tour. Manag. 2011, 33, 517–528. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Orellana, D.; Bregt, A.K.; Ligtenberg, A.; Wachowicz, M. Exploring visitor movement patterns in natural recreational areas. Tour. Manag. 2012, 33, 672–682. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bagstad, K.J.; Johnson, G.W.; Voigt, B.; Villa, F. Spatial dynamics of ecosystem service flows: A comprehensive approach to quantifying actual services. Ecosyst. Serv. 2013, 4, 117–125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Johnson, G.; Bagstad, K.; Snapp, R.; Villa, F. Service Path Attribution Networks (SPANs): A Network Flow Approach to Ecosystem Service Assessment. Int. J. Agric. Environ. Inf. Syst. 2012, 3, 54–71. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Byon, Y.J.; Abdulhai, B.; Shalaby, A. Incorporating Scenic View, Slope, and Crime Rate into Route Choices. Transp. Res. Rec. 2010, 2183, 91–102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alivand, M.; Hochmair, H.; Srinivasan, S. Analyzing how travelers choose scenic routes using route choice models. Comput. Environ. Urban Syst. 2015, 50, 41–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zheng, Y.; Yan, S.; Zha, Z.; Li, Y.; Zhou, X.; Chua, T.; Jain, R. GPSView: A scenic driving route planner. ACM Trans. Multimedia Comput. Commun. Appl. 2013, 9, 3. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Susilo, Y.; Dijst, M. How Far Is Too Far? Travel time ratios for activity participations in the Netherlands. Transp. Res. Rec. 2009, 2134, 89–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Raudsepp-Hearne, C.; Peterson, G.D.; Bennett, E.M. Ecosystem service bundles for analyzing tradeoffs in diverse landscapes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2010, 107, 5242–5247. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lin, H.; Lo, H.; Chen, X. Lifestyle classifications with and without activity-travel patterns. Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract. 2009, 43, 626–638. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maroko, A.R.; Maantay, J.A.; Sohler, N.L.; Grady, K.L.; Arno, P.S. The complexities of measuring access to parks and physical activity sites in New York City: A quantitative and qualitative approach. Int. J. Health Geogr. 2009, 8, 34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Xie, Z.; Yan, J. Kernel Density Estimation of traffic accidents in a network space. Comput. Environ. Urban Syst. 2008, 32, 396–406. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Giles-Corti, B.; Broomhall, M.H.; Knuiman, M.; Collins, C.; Douglas, K.; Ng, K.; Lange, A.; Donovan, R.J. Increasing walking: How important is distance to, attractiveness, and size of public open space? Am. J. Prev. Med. 2005, 28, 169–176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jones, A.; Hillsdon, M.; Coombes, E. Greenspace access, use, and physical activity: Understanding the effects of area deprivation. Prev. Med. 2009, 49, 500–505. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shan, X. The socio-demographic and spatial dynamics of green space use in Guangzhou, China. Appl. Geogr. 2014, 51, 26–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, W.; Chen, W.; Dong, C. Spatial decay of recreational services of urban parks: Characteristics and influencing factors. Urban For. Urban Green. 2017, 25, 130–138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lin, T.; Tsai, K.; Hwang, R.; Matzarakis, A. Quantification of the effect of thermal indices and sky view factor on park attendance. Landsc. Urban Plan. 2012, 107, 137–146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, X.; Ge, Q.; He, S.; Zhang, X.; Xu, X.; Liu, G. Impact of high temperature on the mortality in summer of Wuhan, China. Environ. Earth Sci. 2016, 75, 543. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Panter, J.; Desousa, C.; Ogilvie, D. Incorporating walking or cycling into car journeys to and from work: The role of individual, workplace and environmental characteristics. Prev. Med. 2013, 56, 211–217. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ta, N.; Zhao, Y.; Chai, Y. Built environment, peak hours and route choice efficiency: An investigation of commuting efficiency using GPS data. J. Transp. Geogr. 2016, 57, 161–170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bierlaire, M.; Frejinger, E. Route choice modeling with network-free data. Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol. 2008, 16, 187–198. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Phithakkitnukoon, S.; Horanont, T.; Witayangkurn, A.; Siri, R.; Sekimoto, Y.; Shibasaki, R. Understanding tourist behavior using large-scale mobile sensing approach: A case study of mobile phone users in Japan. Pervasive Mob. Comput. 2015, 18, 18–39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Plieninger, T.; Dijks, S.; Oteros-Rozas, E.; Bieling, C. Assessing, mapping, and quantifying cultural ecosystem services at community level. Land Use Policy 2013, 33, 118–129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Frequency | Velocity | ||
---|---|---|---|
Low (Walking) | Medium (Bus or Car) | High (Metro) | |
Low (<50 times/year) | FlVl | FlVm | FlVh |
Medium (50–150 times/year) | FmVl | FmVm | FmVh |
High (>150 times/year) | FhVl | FhVm | FhVh |
Type | Length of Flow Routes (km) | Travel Time (min) | Frequency (No. Year−1) | N (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
FlVl | 1.87 | 2.41 | 20.3 | 18.4 | 22 | 17 | 11.02 |
FlVm | 8.94 | 7.88 | 34.8 | 24.4 | 17 | 16 | 15.35 |
FlVh | 13.63 | 7.13 | 47.9 | 20.7 | 14 | 14 | 6.20 |
FmVl | 1.53 | 1.54 | 15.6 | 13.9 | 104 | 30 | 12.57 |
FmVm | 5.69 | 6.05 | 26.6 | 21.1 | 92 | 32 | 5.95 |
FmVh | 9.15 | 4.93 | 36.6 | 15.2 | 91 | 25 | 1.59 |
FhVl | 1.59 | 1.39 | 19.1 | 16.6 | 320 | 66 | 40.94 |
FhVm | 5.38 | 4.52 | 28.0 | 18.9 | 285 | 80 | 5.23 |
FhVh | 9.99 | 5.70 | 38.3 | 17.7 | 280 | 83 | 1.15 |
© 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Liu, W.; Dong, C.; Chen, W. Mapping and Quantifying Spatial and Temporal Dynamics and Bundles of Travel Flows of Residents Visiting Urban Parks. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1296. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9081296
Liu W, Dong C, Chen W. Mapping and Quantifying Spatial and Temporal Dynamics and Bundles of Travel Flows of Residents Visiting Urban Parks. Sustainability. 2017; 9(8):1296. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9081296
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Wenping, Chenlu Dong, and Weijuan Chen. 2017. "Mapping and Quantifying Spatial and Temporal Dynamics and Bundles of Travel Flows of Residents Visiting Urban Parks" Sustainability 9, no. 8: 1296. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9081296