A Multi-Stakeholder Delphi Study to Determine Key Space Management Components for Elderly Facilities in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Space Management Concept
3. Literature Review
3.1. Space Management Components
3.2. Stakeholder Theory
4. Research Methodology
4.1. Step 1: Procedure for Selecting Delphi Panellists
4.2. Step 2: Quantifying the Influence of Stakeholder Groups
4.3. Step 3: Generating Initial List of Space Management Components
4.4. Step 4: Ranking Space Management Components
4.5. Step 5: Determining Key Space Management Components
5. Results and Discussion
5.1. Influence of Different Stakeholder Groups in Determining Key Space Management Components
5.2. Space Management Components in China’s Elderly Facilities
5.3. Difference Views of Various Stakeholders upon Key Space Management Components in China’s Elderly Facilities
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Industry Type | Researchers | Space Management Definition |
---|---|---|
Educational Institutions | SMG [18] | Effective space management means using benchmarking tool to evaluate space utilization, calculating space cost, assessing space needs, and managing space change. |
WFU [19] | Facilities planning and space management is a decision making process to provide and manage adequate space for all campus units. | |
Ibrahim et al. [20] | Space management can increase occupancy of space, reduce costs, and ensure accurate information for space planning. | |
Hospitals | Sliteen et al. [21] | Space utilization relates to operation and maintenance costs in healthcare facilities. |
Moatari-Kazerouni et al. [22] | Optimizing space layout for means increasing the efficiency of hospitals and improving occupational health and safety. | |
Workplaces | ARCHIBUS [23] | Space management is to manage space effectively to reduce the cost of wasted space and optimize use of space. |
Best et al. [12] | Space management means delivering space service and managing the completed space plan. | |
Ilozor et al. [24] | Space management is the practice of coordinating space with the people and organization. | |
Blackstad and Torsvoll [25] | Space management is using space to support the core businesses and their performance, and using spatial resource efficiently. | |
Jervis and Mawson [15] | Space management is the management of space to design economical and effective workplace experiences and then to support business objectives and workers’ productivity. | |
Residential Buildings | Hui [26] | Building management works are initiated to satisfy tenant requirements, optimize space utilization, and improve security, health and safety. |
Elderly Facilities | Leung et al. [16] | Space management is considered as a multiple discipline to integrate the planning and the management to achieve corporate goals and objectives in residential care homes. |
Li et al. [17] | Space management is an interdisciplinary endeavour that incorporates space, users, activities and technologies to plan and manage a working/living environment that effectively support core business goals. |
Space Related Work Processes | Potential Space Management Components | Explanations | Applied Fields | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Space planning and assignment | Space planning and assignment | Space planning and assignment relates to redesigning layout of existing buildings and assigning available spaces to users. | Educational facilities; Hospitals; Workplaces; Elderly facilities. | [18,19,27] |
Space inventory management | Space inventory management | All space data has to be stored in the space-inventory system which acted as the database. | Educational facilities; Workplaces. | [6,19] |
Space change management | Space change management | Managing space change means move management, which requires predicting future space use, choosing move types, and charging space move cost simultaneously. | Educational facilities; Workplaces. | [18,30] |
HSE management | HSE management | HSE management refers to the management of health, safety and environment, such as ensuring good ventilation and indoor air quality, comfortable lighting, safety layout, clean environment, and noise control, etc. (those work normally done concurrently with other space management work). | Educational facilities; Hospitals; Workplaces; Elderly facilities. | [17,26,33] |
Space measurement management | Space utilization audit | Space utilization audit refers to measuring whether and how space is being used. The space utilization rate is the function of the frequency rate and occupancy rate. | Educational facilities; Hospitals; Workplaces; Elderly facilities. | [21,29,34] |
Space occupancy cost audit | Auditing space occupancy cost is a method in which many organizations internally bill departments for the space that they occupy as well as their share of floor or building common space. | Educational facilities; Hospitals; Workplaces. | [7,21,23] | |
Users’ space satisfaction management | Using post-occupancy evaluation (POE) to evaluate end-users’ experience about space layout, environment quality and supportive facilities and then improve that. | Educational facilities; Hospitals; Workplaces; Elderly facilities. | [25,31,35] | |
Staff productivity improvement | Using some measures, such as actual labour productivity, perceived productivity, absenteeism due to illness and so on, to evaluate and improve staff productivity among working environment. | Hospitals; Workplaces. | [24,36] | |
Space functionality management | Space functionality management means checking and ensuring the space has the desired function. | Educational facilities; Hospitals; Workplaces; Elderly facilities. | [31,37,38] | |
Space accessibility management | Involves the management of person-environment interaction that includes barrier-free environment, alternative orientation systems, and efficient work flows and logistics. | Hospitals; Workplaces; Elderly facilities. | [31,39,40] | |
Space flexibility management | This aspect requires the building to accommodate frequent alteration, renovation and multiple use quickly and economically. | Educational facilities; Workplaces. | [41,42] |
Stakeholder Groups | Minimum Requirement for Selection |
---|---|
Facility owners |
|
Facility managers |
|
Care staff |
|
Elderly residents |
|
Academic researchers |
|
Demographic Information | Panellists Amount | |
---|---|---|
Stakeholder groups | Facility owner | 5 |
Facility manager | 7 | |
Care staff | 5 | |
Elderly residents | 3 | |
Academic researcher | 5 | |
Experience years | 1 year or less | 2 |
2–5 years | 1 | |
6–10 years | 19 | |
More than 10 years | 3 | |
Type of elderly facilities being involved in | Assisted living facilities | 8 |
Nursing homes | 21 | |
Residential care homes | 12 | |
Retirement communities | 3 | |
Other | 3 |
Parameters | Explanations | Measures or Formulas |
---|---|---|
Stakeholder Influencing Factor (SIF) | SIF is used to quantify the stakeholder influence level for each stakeholder group in deciding space management components. | (Equation (1)) |
Stakeholder Attribute Value (A) | Stakeholder attribute includes power (P), legitimacy (L) and urgency (U). | (Equation (2)) |
Power (P) | This describes the stakeholder’s power to influence the space management practice in elderly facilities in China, which is quantified as 0 or 1/3. | An agreement is reached among academic researchers that the three elements of P, L, U are of equal importance. Therefore, the value of P, L, U of each stakeholder group are determined by following formulas: (Equation (3)); (Equation (4)); (Equation (5)). |
Legitimacy (L) | This refers to the legitimacy of stakeholder relationships, which is quantified as 0 or 1/3. | |
Urgency (U) | This represents the urgency of stakeholders’ claim, which is quantified as 0 or 1/3. | |
The vested interest-impact index (ViII) | ViII is determined by the vested interest level and the influence impact level. | (Equation (6)) |
Vested Interest Level (v) | v refers to the probability of stakeholder impact involved. | Both v and i of each stakeholder groups are measured on a scale of 1–5, where 1 denotes “very low” and 5 denotes “very high”. Five academic researchers are also asked to rate v and i on a scale of 1–5. The mean value of v, i is used to measure ViII. |
Influence Impact Level (i) | i refers to the level of stakeholder impact involved. |
Stakeholder Groups | Attributes (A) | Stakeholder Attribute Value (A) | Mean Value of v | Mean Value of i | The Vested Interest-Impact Index (ViII) | The Stakeholder Influencing Factor (SIF) | Normalized SIF | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Power | Legitimacy | Urgency | |||||||
Facility owners | 1/3 | 1/3 | 1/3 | 1 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 0.840 | 0.840 | 0.333 |
Facility managers | 1/3 | 1/3 | 1/3 | 1 | 3.6 | 3.8 | 0.740 | 0.740 | 0.293 |
Care staff | N/A | 1/3 | 1/3 | 2/3 | 2.2 | 1.8 | 0.398 | 0.265 | 0.105 |
Elderly residents | N/A | 1/3 | 1/3 | 2/3 | 2.6 | 2.2 | 0.478 | 0.319 | 0.126 |
Academic researchers | N/A | 1/3 | 1/3 | 2/3 | 2.8 | 2.6 | 0.540 | 0.360 | 0.143 |
No. | Feedbacks | Number of Feedbacks from Experts | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Facility Owners | Facility Managers | Care Staff | Elderly Residents | Academic Researchers | ||
1 | Space planning and assignment is the primary work in space management practice. | 2 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 4 |
2 | Space utilization rate and space occupancy cost can provide measureable indicators to evaluate existing space use and to predict space needs in future, which could help to deliver effective space management. | 2 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
3 | Space inventory is the database that contains floor plans, occupancy assignments, space utilization data, the occupancy cost information, etc. This database provides a wealth of information to facility managers or facility management staff to conduct general space management work. Therefore, developing and maintaining the space inventory is very important. | 2 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
4 | In practice, users’ satisfaction rate is the very critical performance indicator to assess facility management department. Experience about space layout, environment quality and supportive facilities will directly influence residents’ quality of life or influence the productivity of care staff. Focusing on ensuring the users’ space satisfaction could support the core business of elderly facilities. | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 |
5 | It is difficult to measure the staff productivity among working environment. For example, the percentage of time spent working productively or distraction time is difficult to calculate. In reality, facility managers can only manage and improve space functionality, space accessibility, environment quality and so on, while facility managers have no ability to directly control the staff productivity. | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
6 | Space functionality, space accessibility and space flexibility all related to both function and use and are applicable in the post-occupancy evaluation (POE) process. To simplify the research scope, these three components can be integrated as one component named space usability. In addition, space functionality, space accessibility and space flexibility should also be pre-considered in space planning phase. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
7 | Change management is one of the trends in facility management field. In elderly facilities, moves happen quickly and correctly to avoid delays, to reduce residents’ risk and reduce move cost have a significant impact on elderly care business. Besides, predicting future space needs timely and correctly also support organizational core business. | 2 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
8 | More and more strategies are concluded from space management practice such as sharing space, space chargeback, benchmarking, informatization tools (Integrated Workplace Management Systems, IWMS and Computer Aided Facility Management software packages, and CAFM) and so on. These strategies are being widely implemented in commercial workplaces and educational facilities. Therefore, applying space strategy may become an essential work in China’s elderly facilities. | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
9 | It is concluded that the best space management practice could enhance the business brand and strengthen the organizational culture development. This because the space is one of the medium for expressing organizational culture. Combining organizational culture development with space management may achieve a win-win result. | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
No. | Components | Facility Owner | Facility Manager | Care Staff | Elderly Resident | Academic Researcher | Decision Score | Chosen Components | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Round 2 | Round 3 | Round 2 | Round 3 | Round 2 | Round 3 | Round 2 | Round 3 | Round 2 | Round 3 | ||||||||||||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||||
C1 | Space planning and assignment | 4.250 | 0.500 | 4.250 | 0.500 | 3.571 | 0.535 | 3.571 | 0.535 | 2.750 | 0.500 | 2.750 | 0.500 | 3.333 | 0.577 | 3.333 | 0.577 | 4.400 | 0.548 | 4.400 | 0.548 | 3.799 | √ |
C2 | Space utilization audit | 4.500 | 0.577 | 4.500 | 0.577 | 3.857 | 0.690 | 3.714 | 0.488 | 2.500 | 0.577 | 2.500 | 0.577 | 2.667 | 0.577 | 2.667 | 0.577 | 4.200 | 0.447 | 4.200 | 0.447 | 3.786 | √ |
C3 | Space occupancy cost audit | 4.250 | 0.500 | 4.250 | 0.500 | 3.714 | 0.756 | 3.571 | 0.535 | 3.000 | 0.816 | 2.750 | 0.500 | 2.333 | 0.577 | 2.333 | 0.577 | 4.000 | 0.707 | 4.400 | 0.548 | 3.673 | √ |
C4 | Space inventory management | 3.250 | 0.500 | 3.250 | 0.500 | 4.286 | 0.488 | 4.286 | 0.488 | 3.000 | 0.816 | 2.750 | 0.500 | 1.667 | 0.577 | 1.667 | 0.577 | 4.400 | 0.548 | 4.400 | 0.548 | 3.466 | √ |
C5 | Users’ space satisfaction management | 3.000 | 0.817 | 2.500 | 0.577 | 3.000 | 0.577 | 3.000 | 0.577 | 3.250 | 0.500 | 2.250 | 0.500 | 3.333 | 0.577 | 3.333 | 0.577 | 2.800 | 0.447 | 2.800 | 0.447 | 2.768 | × |
C6 | Space usability management | 3.500 | 0.577 | 3.500 | 0.577 | 3.571 | 0.787 | 4.000 | 0.577 | 3.750 | 0.500 | 3.750 | 0.500 | 4.333 | 0.577 | 4.333 | 0.577 | 3.600 | 0.894 | 3.400 | 0.548 | 3.790 | √ |
C7 | Space change management | 3.500 | 0.577 | 3.250 | 0.500 | 3.571 | 0.787 | 3.429 | 0.535 | 3.000 | 0.816 | 2.750 | 0.500 | 2.667 | 0.577 | 2.667 | 0.577 | 3.800 | 0.837 | 3.600 | 0.548 | 3.227 | √ |
C8 | Organization culture development | 2.250 | 0.500 | 2.500 | 0.500 | 2.143 | 0.690 | 2.286 | 0.488 | 2.000 | 0.816 | 1.750 | 0.500 | 2.333 | 0.577 | 2.333 | 0.577 | 3.000 | 0.707 | 2.800 | 0.447 | 2.630 | × |
C9 | HSE management | 4.500 | 0.577 | 4.750 | 0.500 | 4.143 | 0.690 | 4.286 | 0.488 | 3.750 | 0.957 | 3.750 | 0.500 | 4.333 | 0.577 | 4.333 | 0.577 | 3.400 | 0.548 | 3.400 | 0.548 | 4.263 | √ |
C10 | Space strategy application | 2.250 | 0.500 | 2.250 | 0.500 | 2.429 | 0.535 | 2.429 | 0.535 | 3.000 | 0.816 | 2.250 | 0.500 | 1.333 | 0.577 | 1.333 | 0.577 | 2.800 | 0.837 | 2.600 | 0.548 | 2.237 | × |
W | 0.689 | 0.774 | 0.573 | 0.664 | 0.355 | 0.639 | 0.852 | 0.852 | 0.504 | 0.735 | N/A | N/A |
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Li, L.; Yuan, J.; Roper, K.O.; Zhou, Z. A Multi-Stakeholder Delphi Study to Determine Key Space Management Components for Elderly Facilities in China. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1565. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091565
Li L, Yuan J, Roper KO, Zhou Z. A Multi-Stakeholder Delphi Study to Determine Key Space Management Components for Elderly Facilities in China. Sustainability. 2017; 9(9):1565. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091565
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Lingzhi, Jingfeng Yuan, Kathy O. Roper, and Zhipeng Zhou. 2017. "A Multi-Stakeholder Delphi Study to Determine Key Space Management Components for Elderly Facilities in China" Sustainability 9, no. 9: 1565. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091565