Incorporating Density in Spatiotemporal Land Use/Cover Change Patterns: The Case of Attica, Greece
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Used
2.3. Image Pre-Processing
2.4. Sampling and Validation
2.5. RF Classification and Accuracy Assessment
2.6. Change Detection
3. Results
4. Discussion
LUC Change in Attica
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Date | Sensor | Satellite | Resolution (m) | Path/Row |
---|---|---|---|---|
17 September 1991 | Thematic Mapper (TM) | Landsat 4 | 30 | 183/034 |
29 June 1991 | Thematic Mapper (TM) | Landsat 4 | 30 | 183/033 |
22 August 1999 | Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) | Landsat 7 | 30 | 183/034 |
22 August 1999 | Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) | Landsat 7 | 30 | 183/033 |
12 October 2003 | Thematic Mapper (TM) | Landsat 5 | 30 | 183/034 |
12 October 2003 | Thematic Mapper (TM) | Landsat 5 | 30 | 183/033 |
12 August 2010 | Thematic Mapper (TM) | Landsat 5 | 30 | 183/034 |
12 August 2010 | Thematic Mapper (TM) | Landsat 5 | 30 | 183/033 |
29 September 2016 | Operational Land Imager (OLI) | Landsat 8 | 30 | 183/034 |
29 September 2016 | Operational Land Imager (OLI) | Landsat 8 | 30 | 183/033 |
LUC Categories | Training | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1991 | 1999 | 2003 | 2010 | 2016 | |
Continuous urban fabric | 1798 | 2321 | 2622 | 4095 | 5707 |
Discontinuous dense urban fabric | 969 | 1401 | 1808 | 2329 | 3159 |
Discontinuous medium density urban fabric | 1021 | 1286 | 1446 | 1888 | 2617 |
Discontinuous low density urban fabric | 502 | 895 | 1175 | 2331 | 3221 |
Industrial, commercial, and transport units | 473 | 685 | 991 | 1245 | 1717 |
Arable land and permanent crops | 2009 | 2119 | 2409 | 2009 | 2776 |
Forests, scrubs, and other natural areas | 1449 | 1463 | 1559 | 1568 | 1974 |
Other (open spaces, bare land, mines, inland water) | 453 | 460 | 475 | 525 | 574 |
Total | 8674 | 10,630 | 12,485 | 15,990 | 21,745 |
Validation | |||||
Total | 3637 | 4319 | 5419 | 6919 | 9399 |
1991 | 1999 | ||||||||||||||||||
Result | Result | ||||||||||||||||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | P.A | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | P.A | ||
Reference | 1 | 681 | 11 | 3 | 9 | 97% | 1012 | 28 | 6 | 8 | 96% | ||||||||
2 | 14 | 631 | 28 | 12 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 91% | 58 | 1174 | 22 | 18 | 2 | 6 | 14 | 91% | |||
3 | 31 | 51 | 1710 | 58 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 91% | 32 | 67 | 1833 | 15 | 15 | 6 | 3 | 11 | 92% | |
4 | 8 | 20 | 104 | 1288 | 12 | 20 | 10 | 8 | 88% | 28 | 90 | 1426 | 36 | 24 | 12 | 4 | 88% | ||
5 | 10 | 15 | 10 | 515 | 15 | 5 | 10 | 89% | 25 | 20 | 15 | 5 | 859 | 15 | 10 | 91% | |||
6 | 12 | 13 | 40 | 148 | 24 | 6576 | 168 | 28 | 94% | 6 | 46 | 48 | 196 | 26 | 4946 | 120 | 26 | 91% | |
7 | 8 | 6 | 42 | 11 | 109 | 2337 | 11 | 93% | 21 | 63 | 22 | 16 | 188 | 2427 | 19 | 88% | |||
8 | 1 | 7 | 10 | 16 | 11 | 258 | 85% | 10 | 24 | 14 | 28 | 14 | 456 | 84% | |||||
U.A | 91% | 85% | 90% | 83% | 86% | 98% | 92% | 80% | 89% | 85% | 88% | 84% | 87% | 95% | 94% | 84% | |||
O.A | 92.2% | 90.5% | |||||||||||||||||
2003 | 2010 | ||||||||||||||||||
Result | Result | ||||||||||||||||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | P.A | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | P.A | ||
Reference | 1 | 1323 | 42 | 10 | 19 | 1 | 95% | 1838 | 51 | 21 | 14 | 1 | 95% | ||||||
2 | 56 | 1658 | 52 | 4 | 20 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 92% | 72 | 2241 | 42 | 10 | 36 | 4 | 8 | 12 | 92% | |
3 | 30 | 35 | 2276 | 30 | 38 | 3 | 12 | 16 | 93% | 21 | 46 | 2299 | 63 | 31 | 15 | 21 | 9 | 92% | |
4 | 48 | 86 | 2682 | 56 | 64 | 24 | 12 | 90% | 48 | 91 | 3246 | 76 | 42 | 40 | 10 | 91% | |||
5 | 25 | 20 | 15 | 20 | 1165 | 30 | 10 | 10 | 90% | 33 | 20 | 40 | 21 | 1798 | 25 | 7 | 92% | ||
6 | 32 | 46 | 228 | 38 | 4128 | 60 | 16 | 91% | 6 | 18 | 162 | 54 | 4091 | 64 | 12 | 93% | |||
7 | 7 | 21 | 61 | 21 | 224 | 2860 | 24 | 89% | 14 | 48 | 28 | 207 | 3528 | 14 | 92% | ||||
8 | 8 | 6 | 14 | 20 | 19 | 443 | 87% | 8 | 16 | 11 | 14 | 20 | 490 | 88% | |||||
U.A | 92% | 90% | 91% | 88% | 85% | 92% | 96% | 84% | 94% | 92% | 92% | 91% | 88% | 93% | 96% | 88% | |||
O.A | 90.7% | 92.3% | |||||||||||||||||
2016 | |||||||||||||||||||
Result | |||||||||||||||||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | P.A | |||||||||||
Reference | 1 | 2683 | 59 | 19 | 24 | 2 | 2 | 96% | |||||||||||
2 | 80 | 3252 | 76 | 18 | 42 | 22 | 10 | 8 | 93% | ||||||||||
3 | 24 | 61 | 2964 | 101 | 35 | 17 | 36 | 20 | 91% | ||||||||||
4 | 4 | 32 | 92 | 5446 | 78 | 112 | 44 | 1 | 94% | ||||||||||
5 | 55 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 2325 | 105 | 17 | 90% | |||||||||||
6 | 6 | 12 | 36 | 30 | 4866 | 66 | 26 | 97% | |||||||||||
7 | 14 | 35 | 28 | 182 | 4823 | 22 | 94% | ||||||||||||
8 | 16 | 16 | 34 | 24 | 616 | 87% | |||||||||||||
U.A | 94% | 94% | 93% | 96% | 90% | 91% | 96% | 87% | |||||||||||
O.A | 93.5% |
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Gounaridis, D.; Symeonakis, E.; Chorianopoulos, I.; Koukoulas, S. Incorporating Density in Spatiotemporal Land Use/Cover Change Patterns: The Case of Attica, Greece. Remote Sens. 2018, 10, 1034. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10071034
Gounaridis D, Symeonakis E, Chorianopoulos I, Koukoulas S. Incorporating Density in Spatiotemporal Land Use/Cover Change Patterns: The Case of Attica, Greece. Remote Sensing. 2018; 10(7):1034. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10071034
Chicago/Turabian StyleGounaridis, Dimitrios, Elias Symeonakis, Ioannis Chorianopoulos, and Sotirios Koukoulas. 2018. "Incorporating Density in Spatiotemporal Land Use/Cover Change Patterns: The Case of Attica, Greece" Remote Sensing 10, no. 7: 1034. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10071034