The Development of Near Real-Time Biomass and Cover Estimates for Adaptive Rangeland Management Using Landsat 7 and Landsat 8 Surface Reflectance Products
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sampling Design
2.3. Data
2.3.1. Field Data
2.3.2. Remotely Sensed Data
2.4. Statistical Analysis
2.4.1. Variable Selection
2.4.2. Model Creation
2.4.3. Model Comparison across Landsat 7 and Landsat 8 Scenes for Summer and Fall
2.4.4. Exploring Pixel-Wise Phenology-Driven Model Application
2.4.5. Analysis of Model Residuals
3. Results
3.1. Biomass and Cover Field Data
3.2. Variable Selection
3.3. Candidate Model Comparisons and Model Selection
3.4. Relative Differences in Modeled Vegetation across Paired Landsat 7 and Landsat 8 Scenes
3.5. Assessing a Pixel-Wise Phenologically (NDVI) Driven Model Application across the Grazing Season
3.6. Correlation of NDVI Threshold Model Error with Sensor, Sampling, and Field Variables
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Biomass (g/m2) | Cover (%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Summer | Fall | Total | Summer | Fall | Total | |
N | 124 | 148 | 272 | 124 | 148 | 272 |
Mean | 162.61 | 108.61 | 133.23 | 0.61 | 0.52 | 0.56 |
Min | 39.59 | 12.19 | 12.19 | 0.21 | 0.13 | 0.13 |
Max | 366.10 | 302.97 | 366.10 | 0.94 | 0.94 | 0.94 |
SD | 71.25 | 59.59 | 70.40 | 0.19 | 0.21 | 0.21 |
Median | 158.36 | 94.50 | 120.67 | 0.63 | 0.52 | 0.57 |
Metric | Time | Sensor | Veg Index | Training | Validation | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Int | Slope | r2 | rRMSE | RMSD | N | r2 | rRMSE | RMSD | ||||
Biomass | Summer | LS7 | NDII7 | 60 | 104.06 | 343.18 | 0.69 | 22.84 | 39.27 | 20 | 0.81 | 21.25 | 34.87 |
Summer | LS8 | NDII7 | 93 | 101.09 | 330.25 | 0.80 | 20.07 | 32.08 | 30 | 0.81 | 16.86 | 28.96 | |
Summer | LS78 | NDII7 | 153 | 102.18 | 335.95 | 0.76 | 21.38 | 35.07 | 50 | 0.81 | 18.50 | 30.89 | |
Fall | LS7 | NDTI | 78 | −56.45 | 1042.00 | 0.71 | 30.46 | 32.67 | 25 | 0.77 | 24.19 | 26.43 | |
Fall | LS8 | NDTI | 99 | −58.04 | 1070.64 | 0.67 | 30.88 | 31.20 | 32 | 0.70 | 26.69 | 32.02 | |
Fall | LS78 | NDTI | 177 | −55.30 | 1044.67 | 0.69 | 30.73 | 31.80 | 57 | 0.73 | 25.86 | 29.54 | |
All-year | LS7 | NDTI | 120 | −36.53 | 944.63 | 0.67 | 29.32 | 40.52 | 40 | 0.76 | 25.94 | 37.26 | |
All-year | LS8 | NDTI | 184 | −41.74 | 1028.00 | 0.74 | 26.34 | 35.38 | 62 | 0.77 | 27.22 | 35.32 | |
All-year | LS78 | NDTI | 304 | −38.08 | 984.32 | 0.70 | 27.88 | 37.82 | 102 | 0.76 | 26.10 | 35.11 | |
Cover | Summer | LS7 | NDII7 | 60 | 0.44 | 0.95 | 0.70 | 16.89 | 0.11 | 20 | 0.70 | 17.39 | 0.11 |
Summer | LS8 | NDII7 | 93 | 0.43 | 0.94 | 0.78 | 16.07 | 0.10 | 30 | 0.75 | 13.00 | 0.08 | |
Summer | LS78 | NDII7 | 153 | 0.44 | 0.94 | 0.75 | 16.44 | 0.10 | 50 | 0.72 | 14.84 | 0.09 | |
Fall | LS7 | NDTI | 78 | −0.09 | 3.88 | 0.78 | 19.87 | 0.10 | 26 | 0.81 | 17.07 | 0.09 | |
Fall | LS8 | NDTI | 99 | −0.10 | 3.97 | 0.72 | 21.73 | 0.11 | 32 | 0.72 | 22.71 | 0.13 | |
Fall | LS78 | NDTI | 177 | −0.09 | 3.91 | 0.75 | 20.92 | 0.11 | 58 | 0.73 | 20.69 | 0.11 | |
All-year | LS7 | NDTI | 120 | 0.07 | 2.70 | 0.65 | 22.85 | 0.13 | 40 | 0.72 | 21.00 | 0.12 | |
All-year | LS8 | NDTI | 184 | 0.06 | 2.95 | 0.69 | 20.55 | 0.12 | 62 | 0.70 | 21.02 | 0.12 | |
All-year | LS78 | NDTI | 304 | 0.07 | 2.82 | 0.67 | 21.71 | 0.12 | 102 | 0.70 | 20.74 | 0.12 |
Metric | Variable | Variable Source | Landsat 7 | Landsat 8 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r-Val | p-Val | r-Val | p-Val | |||
Biomass | % Perennial Grass | LPI (canopy) | −0.21 | 0.001 | −0.15 | 0.006 |
Biomass | % Litter | LPI (canopy) | 0.20 | 0.013 | 0.18 | 0.006 |
Biomass | Rain Lag (days) | Sensor (Field) | 0.36 | 0.027 | 0.24 | 0.006 |
Biomass | % Moss/Lichen | LPI (soil surface) | 0.13 | 0.014 | 0.004 | NS |
Biomass | % Rock | LPI (soil surface) | 0.01 | 0.046 | −0.0578 | NS |
Biomass | % Mean Utilization | Utilization | NS | NS | 0.10 | 0.003 |
Cover | % Perennial Grass | LPI (canopy) | −0.407 | 0.000 | −0.3546 | 0.000 |
Cover | % Annual Grass | LPI (canopy) | −0.174 | 0.018 | −0.2150 | 0.000 |
Cover | % Annual Forb | LPI (canopy) | −0.264 | 0.000 | −0.1981 | 0.0322 |
Cover | Field Data Lag (Days) | Sensor (Field) | −0.178 | 0.016 | −0.1800 | 0.0233 |
Cover | % Brown and SD Color | LPI (color) | −0.178 | 0.016 | −0.1700 | NS |
Cover | % Litter | LPI (canopy) | 0.315 | 0.000 | 0.2379 | 0.000 |
Cover | Rain Lag (days) | Sensor (Weather Station) | 0.327 | 0.000 | 0.1815 | 0.000 |
Cover | % Rock | LPI (soil surface) | 0.277 | 0.000 | 0.18317 | 0.000 |
Cover | % Soil | LPI (soil surface) | 0.162 | 0.029 | 0.211 | 0.001 |
Cover | % Moss/Lichen | LPI (soil surface) | 0.381 | 0.000 | 0.304 | 0.000 |
Cover | % Green Color | LPI (color) | 0.178 | 0.016 | 0.1700 | NS |
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Jansen, V.S.; Kolden, C.A.; Schmalz, H.J. The Development of Near Real-Time Biomass and Cover Estimates for Adaptive Rangeland Management Using Landsat 7 and Landsat 8 Surface Reflectance Products. Remote Sens. 2018, 10, 1057. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10071057
Jansen VS, Kolden CA, Schmalz HJ. The Development of Near Real-Time Biomass and Cover Estimates for Adaptive Rangeland Management Using Landsat 7 and Landsat 8 Surface Reflectance Products. Remote Sensing. 2018; 10(7):1057. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10071057
Chicago/Turabian StyleJansen, Vincent S., Crystal A. Kolden, and Heidi J. Schmalz. 2018. "The Development of Near Real-Time Biomass and Cover Estimates for Adaptive Rangeland Management Using Landsat 7 and Landsat 8 Surface Reflectance Products" Remote Sensing 10, no. 7: 1057. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10071057