Synthesis of Leaf-on and Leaf-off Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Stereo Imagery for the Inventory of Aboveground Biomass of Deciduous Forests
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Test Sites and Data Preparation
2.1. Test Sites
2.2. Inventory of Ground Reference
2.3. Forest AGB Maps from Lidar Data
2.4. Collections of UAV Stereo Imagery
2.5. Stereoscopic Processing
3. Methods
3.1. Extraction of Canopy Height Model
3.2. Mapping of Forest AGB Using MCHM of UAV Stereo Imagery
4. Results
4.1. UAV Stereo Imagery
4.2. Extraction of Forest Canopy Heights
4.3. Model Development and Validation of Forest AGB Maps of UAV
5. Discussions
5.1. Extraction of Ground Surface
5.2. The applicable Areas of UAV Stereo Imagery
5.3. Uncertainties
6. Conclusion
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species | Allometric Equations * |
---|---|
white birch | |
larch |
GCP# | X Error | Y Error | Z Error | GCP# | X Error | Y Error | Z Error |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
leaf-off p1 | 0.05 | 0.24 | −0.98 | leaf-on p1 | −0.13 | −0.23 | −1.11 |
leaf-off p2 | 0.26 | −0.90 | 0.90 | leaf-on p2 | 0.20 | −0.35 | 0.96 |
leaf-off p3 | 0.08 | −0.18 | 0.34 | leaf-on p3 | −0.34 | −0.13 | 0.48 |
leaf-off p4 | 0.80 | 0.44 | −0.08 | leaf-on p4 | 0.67 | 0.22 | 0.37 |
leaf-off p5 | −0.01 | 0.38 | −0.92 | leaf-on p5 | −0.13 | 0.60 | −0.54 |
leaf-off p6 | 0.01 | 0.29 | 1.0 | leaf-on p6 | −0.02 | −0.13 | 0.72 |
leaf-off p7 | −1.18 | −0.28 | −0.27 | leaf-on p7 | −0.26 | 0.01 | −0.87 |
Standard deviation | 0.59 | 0.48 | 0.80 | Standard deviation | 0.34 | 0.32 | 0.83 |
Plot Size | a | b | R2 | RMSE (Mg/ha) | Relative RMSE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
15 m | 5.569 | 1.020 | 0.94 | 11.4 | 21.5% |
30 m | 4.637 | 1.074 | 0.94 | 9.6 | 18.1% |
45 m | 4.831 | 1.056 | 0.95 | 8.2 | 15.5% |
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Ni, W.; Dong, J.; Sun, G.; Zhang, Z.; Pang, Y.; Tian, X.; Li, Z.; Chen, E. Synthesis of Leaf-on and Leaf-off Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Stereo Imagery for the Inventory of Aboveground Biomass of Deciduous Forests. Remote Sens. 2019, 11, 889. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11070889
Ni W, Dong J, Sun G, Zhang Z, Pang Y, Tian X, Li Z, Chen E. Synthesis of Leaf-on and Leaf-off Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Stereo Imagery for the Inventory of Aboveground Biomass of Deciduous Forests. Remote Sensing. 2019; 11(7):889. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11070889
Chicago/Turabian StyleNi, Wenjian, Jiachen Dong, Guoqing Sun, Zhiyu Zhang, Yong Pang, Xin Tian, Zengyuan Li, and Erxue Chen. 2019. "Synthesis of Leaf-on and Leaf-off Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Stereo Imagery for the Inventory of Aboveground Biomass of Deciduous Forests" Remote Sensing 11, no. 7: 889. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11070889