Spatial and Temporal Variations in the Extent and Thickness of Arctic Landfast Ice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area and Data
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data
2.2.1. Landfast Ice Extent Dataset
2.2.2. Landfast Ice Thickness Dataset
2.2.3. ECMWF Air Temperature Reanalysis
3. Results
3.1. Landfast Ice Extent
3.2. Regional Landfast Ice
3.3. Landfast Ice Duration
3.4. Landfast Ice Thickness
3.5. Stefan’s Law Calculation
4. Discussion
4.1. Uncertainty in the Landfast Ice Extent
4.2. Uncertainty in the Landfast Ice Thickness
4.3. Relationship of Extent and Thickness Trends
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Month | Mean (103 km2) | Trend (103 km2/yr) | % Decade−1 |
---|---|---|---|
Jan | 1386 ± 228.04 | −11.98 ± 4.31 | −8.64 ± 3.11 |
Feb | 1650 ± 245.49 | −13.79 ± 4.37 | −8.36 ± 2.65 |
Mar | 1794 ± 218.70 | −11.42 ± 4.15 | −6.37 ± 2.31 |
Apr | 1833 ± 202.55 | −12.05 ± 3.38 | −6.57 ± 1.84 |
May | 1758 ± 189.59 | −10.79 ± 3.33 | −6.14 ± 1.89 |
Jun | 1495 ± 183.79 | −10 ± 3.37 | −6.69 ± 2.25 |
Jul | 708 ± 261.44 | −9.56 ± 5.84 | −13.50 ± 8.25 |
Aug | 143.37 ± 118.64 | −3.39 ± 2.78 | −23.65 ± 19.39 |
Sep | 52.31 ± 46.53 | −1.07 ± 1.12 | −20.45 ± 21.41 |
Oct | 161.30 ± 80.44 | −3.87 ± 1.61 | −23.99 ± 9.98 |
Nov | 579.62 ± 212.12 | −13.87 ± 3.3 | −23.93 ± 5.69 |
Dec | 1020 ± 271.07 | −17.92 ± 4.13 | −17.57 ± 4.05 |
No. | Subregion | Jan–May Trend in Yu et al. [25] | Jan–May Trend in This Study | Jan–Dec Trend in This Study |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Svalbard | −0.28 ± 0.09 | −0.26 ± 0.11 | −0.18 ± 0.05 |
2 | Franz Josef Land | −0.19 ± 0.10 | −0.25 ± 0.11 | −0.27 ± 0.07 |
3 | Barents Sea | 0.24 ± 0.10 | −0.04 ± 0.12 | −0.04 ± 0.06 |
4 | Kara Sea | −0.91 ± 0.49 | −1.91 ± 0.68 | −1.46 ± 0.55 |
5 | Laptev Sea | −1.88 ± 0.31 | −1.95 ± 0.39 | −1.70 ± 0.64 |
6 | East Siberian Sea | −2.36 ± 0.87 | −2.02 ± 0.46 | −2.03 ± 0.94 |
7 | Chukchi Sea | −0.60 ± 0.11 | −0.53 ± 0.14 | −0.37 ± 0.09 |
8 | Beaufort Sea | −0.39 ± 0.16 | −0.35 ± 0.20 | −0.27 ± 0.16 |
9 | Canadian Archipelago | −2.12 ± 1.14 | −0.96 ± 1.41 | −1.82 ± 1.48 |
10 | Northern Canadian Archipelago | −2.48 ± 0.59 | −1.32 ± 0.73 | −1.07 ± 0.29 |
11 | Baffin Bay | −0.35 ± 0.33 | −0.77 ± 0.41 | −0.53 ± 0.23 |
12 | Greenland Sea | −0.04 ± 0.37 | 0.06 ± 0.44 | −0.09 ± 0.20 |
13 | Hudson Bay | −1.34 ± 0.53 | −1.25 ± 0.65 | −0.67 ± 0.42 |
14 | Labrador Sea | −0.17 ± 0.17 | −0.26 ± 0.24 | −0.17 ± 0.13 |
15 | Baltic Sea | −0.25 ± 0.21 | −0.25 ± 0.30 | −0.12 ± 0.10 |
16 | Sea of Okhotsk | 0.11 ± 0.06 | −0.10 ± 0.07 | −0.06 ± 0.04 |
17 | Bering Sea | 0.22 ± 0.12 | 0.10 ± 0.15 | 0.03 ± 0.07 |
Arctic | −12.27 ± 2.71 | −12.01 ± 3.47 | −10.67 ± 4.78 |
No. | Region | Mean (week) | Trend(Weeks/Decade) (%Decade−1) | F |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Svalbard | 34.1 | −2.6 ± 1.9 (−7.7 ± 5.7) | 7.4 |
2 | Franz Josef Land | 41.4 | −0.8 ± 1.6 (−2.0 ± 3.9) | 1.1 |
3 | Barents Sea | 37.2 | 1.5 ± 1.2 (3.9 ± 3.1) | 6.4 |
4 | Kara Sea | 43.1 | −0.2 ± 0.5 (−0.5 ± 1.1) | 1.0 |
5 | Laptev Sea | 42.3 | −1.0 ± 0.4 (−2.3 ± 1.0) | 22.4 |
6 | East Siberian Sea | 43.1 | −0.9 ± 0.3 (−2.1 ± 0.7) | 39.2 |
7 | Chukchi Sea | 42.6 | −1.2 ± 0.5 (−2.7 ± 1.1) | 24.3 |
8 | Beaufort Sea | 43.7 | −0.5 ± 0.5 (−1.2 ± 1.1) | 5.0 |
9 | Canadian Archipelago | 44.6 | −0.7 ± 0.4 (−1.5 ± 0.9) | 12.3 |
10 | N. Canadian Archipelago | 48.4 | −0.0008 ± 0.4 (−0.002 ± 0.009) | 1.6 × 10−5 |
11 | Baffin Bay | 41.2 | −1.0 ± 0.6 (−2.5 ± 1.4) | 12.9 |
12 | Greenland Sea | 43.7 | −0.5 ± 2.8 (−1.1 ± 6.3) | 0.1 |
13 | Hudson Bay | 38.8 | −0.2 ± 0.5 (−0.6 ± 1.3) | 0.9 |
14 | Labrador Sea | 37.7 | −0.8 ± 0.5 (−2.1 ± 1.2) | 13.0 |
15 | Baltic Sea | 37.3 | 1.7 ± 1.2 (4.7 ± 3.3) | 8.0 |
16 | Sea of Okhotsk | 39.1 | −0.1 ± 0.5 (−0.2 ± 1.2) | 0.2 |
17 | Bering Sea | 39.5 | 0.4 ± 0.5 (1.1 ± 1.3) | 2.9 |
Arctic | 44.0 | −0.6 ± 0.3 (−1.4 ± 0.6) | 23.0 |
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Li, Z.; Zhao, J.; Su, J.; Li, C.; Cheng, B.; Hui, F.; Yang, Q.; Shi, L. Spatial and Temporal Variations in the Extent and Thickness of Arctic Landfast Ice. Remote Sens. 2020, 12, 64. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12010064
Li Z, Zhao J, Su J, Li C, Cheng B, Hui F, Yang Q, Shi L. Spatial and Temporal Variations in the Extent and Thickness of Arctic Landfast Ice. Remote Sensing. 2020; 12(1):64. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12010064
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Zixuan, Jiechen Zhao, Jie Su, Chunhua Li, Bin Cheng, Fengming Hui, Qinghua Yang, and Lijuan Shi. 2020. "Spatial and Temporal Variations in the Extent and Thickness of Arctic Landfast Ice" Remote Sensing 12, no. 1: 64. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12010064