Detecting and Tracking Moving Airplanes from Space Based on Normalized Frame Difference Labeling and Improved Similarity Measures
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Background
2.1. Moving Object Detection Algorithms
2.2. Moving Object Tracking Algorithms
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Satellite Video Data and Preprocessing
3.2. Methods
3.2.1. Moving Airplane Detection by Normalized Frame Difference Labeling
3.2.2. Moving Airplane Tracking by Template Matching
3.2.3. Computational Complexity Analysis
3.2.4. Rotation Invariance Assessment
3.2.5. Accuracy Assessment Metrics
4. Experimental Results
4.1. Results of Moving Airplane Detection
4.2. Rotation Invariance Assessment
4.3. Results of Moving Airplane Tracking
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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1 | 0 | −1 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fq | BRT | BRT | BCK | BRT | DRK | BCK | DRK | DRK | BCK |
Fr | BCK | DRK | DRK | BRT | DRK | BCK | BRT | BCK | BRT |
Frame ID | 1 | 67 | 154 | 248 | Total | Frame ID | 1 | 67 | 154 | 248 | Average | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GT | 11 | 11 | 9 | 9 | 40 | |||||||
ViBe | TP | 0 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 26 | Precision | 0.77 | 0.67 | 0.75 | 0.90 | 0.76 |
IPGBBS | 0 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 25 | 0.84 | 0.73 | 0.89 | 0.90 | 0.83 | ||
Our | 11 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 39 | 0.92 | 0.71 | 0.82 | 0.75 | 0.80 | ||
ViBe | FP | 0 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 8 | Recall | 0.91 | 0.73 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.65 |
IPGBBS | 0 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 0.87 | 0.73 | 0.89 | 1.00 | 0.63 | ||
Our | 1 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 10 | 1.00 | 0.91 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.98 | ||
ViBe | FN | 11 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 14 | F1 score | 0.84 | 0.70 | 0.86 | 0.95 | 0.70 |
IPGBBS | 11 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 15 | 0.86 | 0.73 | 0.89 | 0.95 | 0.71 | ||
Our | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.96 | 0.80 | 0.90 | 0.86 | 0.88 |
Algorithm | TM-TSMs | TM-ISMs | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Similarity measure | NCC | ZNCC | NSD | GWNCC | GWZNCC | GWNSD |
AUC | 0.672 | 0.684 | 0.708 | 0.921 | 0.921 | 0.912 |
Algorithm | Leave-the-Scene | AUC | FPS | RT |
---|---|---|---|---|
KCF [26] | √ | 0.950 | 53.60 | 51.10 |
P-SIFT KM [1] | × | 0.895 | 216.12 | 12.67 |
MOSSE [29] | unknown | 0.466 | 93.48 | 29.30 |
TLD [28] | unknown | 0.289 | 2.63 | 1041.44 |
MIL [27] | × | 0.913 | 7.99 | 342.80 |
Meanshift [25] | × | 0.831 | 31.23 | 87.70 |
TM-GWNSD | √ | 0.912 | 448.28 | 6.11 |
TM-GWZNCC | √ | 0.921 | 392.41 | 6.98 |
TM-GWNCC | √ | 0.921 | 470.62 | 5.82 |
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Shi, F.; Qiu, F.; Li, X.; Zhong, R.; Yang, C.; Tang, Y. Detecting and Tracking Moving Airplanes from Space Based on Normalized Frame Difference Labeling and Improved Similarity Measures. Remote Sens. 2020, 12, 3589. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12213589
Shi F, Qiu F, Li X, Zhong R, Yang C, Tang Y. Detecting and Tracking Moving Airplanes from Space Based on Normalized Frame Difference Labeling and Improved Similarity Measures. Remote Sensing. 2020; 12(21):3589. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12213589
Chicago/Turabian StyleShi, Fan, Fang Qiu, Xiao Li, Ruofei Zhong, Cankun Yang, and Yunwei Tang. 2020. "Detecting and Tracking Moving Airplanes from Space Based on Normalized Frame Difference Labeling and Improved Similarity Measures" Remote Sensing 12, no. 21: 3589. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12213589