Influence of Model Grid Size on the Estimation of Surface Fluxes Using the Two Source Energy Balance Model and sUAS Imagery in Vineyards
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. TSEB2T Model
1.2. TSEB2T Main Inputs
1.2.1. Leaf Area Index (LAI)
1.2.2. Canopy Height (hc)
1.2.3. Fractional Cover (fc) and Canopy Width (wc):
1.2.4. wc/hc Ratio
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Data Sources
2.2. Data Processing
2.2.1. Thermal Data
2.2.2. Optical Data
2.3. Energy Balance Closure Adjustment Methods for EC
2.4. Contextual Spatial Domain
2.5. TSEB2T Inputs
2.5.1. Leaf Area Index (LAI)
2.5.2. Canopy Height (hc)
2.5.3. Fractional Cover (fc) and Canopy Width (wc)
2.5.4. wc/hc Ratio
2.6. Goodness-of-Fit Statistics
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. TSEB2T Contextual Spatial Domains Validation
3.1.1. EC Footprint Estimation
3.1.2. Statistical Performance
3.2. Contextual Spatial Domain Aggregations Effects
3.2.1. The Effect of Model Grid Size on TSEB2T Inputs
3.2.2. Contextual Spatial Domain Effect on Field-Scale LE Estimation
3.2.3. Contextual Spatial Domain Effect on LE Statistical Characteristics
3.2.4. Effects of Model Grid Size on LE
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References
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Flight Date | Landsat Time PST | Afternoon PST | Midafternoon PST |
---|---|---|---|
09 August 2014 | 10:41 am | - | |
02 June 2015 | 10:43 am | 14:07 pm | - |
11 July 2015 | 10:35 am | 14:14 pm | |
02 May 2016 | - | 12:05 pm | 15:04 pm |
03 May 2016 | - | 12:48 pm | - |
ID | Micrometeorological Parameters | Instrument Name 1 | Elevation |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Water vapor concentration | Infrared gas analyzer (EC150, Campbell Scientific, Logan, Utah) | 5 m agl |
2 | Wind velocity | Sonic anemometer (CSAT3, Campbell Scientific) | 5 m agl |
3 | Net radiation | 4-way radiometer (CNR-1, Kipp and Zonen, Delft, The Netherlands) | 6 m agl |
4 | Air temperature | Gill shielded temperature (Vaisala, Helsinki, Finland) | 5 m agl |
5 | Water vapor pressure | Humidity probe (HMP45C, Vaisala, Helsinki, Finland) | 5 m agl |
6 | Soil heat flux | Five plates (HFT-3, Radiation Energy Balance Systems, Bellevue, Washington) | −8 cm |
7 | Soil temperature | Thermocouples | −2 cm |
8 | Soil moisture | Soil moisture probe (HydraProbe, Stevens Water Monitoring Systems, Portland, Oregon) | −5 cm |
Spatial Domain | Fluxes | RMSE (W/m2) | NRMSE | MAE (W/m2) | MAPE (%) | NSE | R2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3.6 m | Rn | 28 | 0.3 | 25 | 5 | 0.9 | 0.94 |
LE | 69 | 1.2 | 58 | 20 | 0.5 | 0.49 | |
H | 54 | 0.8 | 41 | 26 | 0.7 | 0.67 | |
G | 34 | 0.9 | 30 | 51 | 0.6 | 0.56 | |
7.2 m | Rn | 27 | 0.3 | 24 | 4 | 0.9 | 0.94 |
LE | 66 | 1.2 | 56 | 19 | 0.5 | 0.53 | |
H | 51 | 0.7 | 36 | 24 | 0.7 | 0.67 | |
G | 33 | 0.8 | 30 | 50 | 0.6 | 0.58 | |
14.4 m | Rn | 25 | 0.3 | 20 | 4 | 0.9 | 0.95 |
LE | 79 | 1.4 | 56 | 18 | 0.1 | 0.21 | |
H | 48 | 0.7 | 35 | 26 | 0.6 | 0.69 | |
G | 32 | 0.8 | 29 | 49 | 0.6 | 0.59 | |
30 m | Rn | 34 | 0.4 | 29 | 5 | 0.9 | 0.96 |
LE | 101 | 1.8 | 86 | 30 | 0.2 | 0.53 | |
H | 93 | 1.3 | 78 | 67 | −0.1 | 0.23 | |
G | 31 | 0.8 | 28 | 48 | 0.6 | 0.60 |
Flight | Spatial Domain | μ | σ | CV |
---|---|---|---|---|
09 August 2014 | 3.6 m | 0.91 | 0.56 | 0.61 |
7.2 m | 0.91 | 0.54 | 0.59 | |
14.4 m | 0.91 | 0.52 | 0.57 | |
30.0 m | 0.91 | 0.48 | 0.53 | |
02 June 2015 | 3.6 m | 0.57 | 0.38 | 0.66 |
7.2 m | 0.57 | 0.33 | 0.58 | |
14.4 m | 0.57 | 0.30 | 0.52 | |
30.0 m | 0.57 | 0.27 | 0.47 | |
11 July 2015 | 3.6 m | 0.52 | 0.39 | 0.75 |
7.2 m | 0.52 | 0.36 | 0.69 | |
14.4 m | 0.52 | 0.34 | 0.65 | |
30.0 m | 0.52 | 0.31 | 0.60 | |
02 May 2016 | 3.6 m | 0.06 | 0.11 | 1.90 |
7.2 m | 0.06 | 0.10 | 1.75 | |
14.4 m | 0.06 | 0.10 | 1.66 | |
30.0 m | 0.06 | 0.09 | 1.59 |
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Nassar, A.; Torres-Rua, A.; Kustas, W.; Nieto, H.; McKee, M.; Hipps, L.; Stevens, D.; Alfieri, J.; Prueger, J.; Alsina, M.M.; et al. Influence of Model Grid Size on the Estimation of Surface Fluxes Using the Two Source Energy Balance Model and sUAS Imagery in Vineyards. Remote Sens. 2020, 12, 342. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12030342
Nassar A, Torres-Rua A, Kustas W, Nieto H, McKee M, Hipps L, Stevens D, Alfieri J, Prueger J, Alsina MM, et al. Influence of Model Grid Size on the Estimation of Surface Fluxes Using the Two Source Energy Balance Model and sUAS Imagery in Vineyards. Remote Sensing. 2020; 12(3):342. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12030342
Chicago/Turabian StyleNassar, Ayman, Alfonso Torres-Rua, William Kustas, Hector Nieto, Mac McKee, Lawrence Hipps, David Stevens, Joseph Alfieri, John Prueger, Maria Mar Alsina, and et al. 2020. "Influence of Model Grid Size on the Estimation of Surface Fluxes Using the Two Source Energy Balance Model and sUAS Imagery in Vineyards" Remote Sensing 12, no. 3: 342. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12030342