Development and Performance Evaluation of a Very Low-Cost UAV-Lidar System for Forestry Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Development of the DJI Livox System
3. Performance Evaluation of the DJI Livox System
3.1. Study Area
3.2. Data Collection
3.2.1. Field Data
3.2.2. UAV Lidar Data Acquisition
3.3. Lidar Data Preprocessing
3.4. Forest Inventory Attributes Extraction
3.5. Evaluation of the DJI Livox System
3.5.1. Lidar Data Quality Assessment
3.5.2. Accuracy Assessment of Individual Tree Attributes
3.5.3. Comparisons with Four Other UAV Lidar Systems
4. Results
4.1. Data Quality Assessment
4.2. Accuracy Assessment of Individual Tree Height Estimates
4.3. Validation of Plot-Level Forest Inventory Attribute Estimates
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Laser Scanner | Maximum Range (m) | FOV (°) | Range Precision (cm) | Maximum Measurement Rate (kHz) | Weight (kg) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
RIEGL miniVUX-1UAV | 250 | 360 | 1.0 | 100 | ~1.55 |
RIEGL VUX-1UAV | 1050 | 330 | 0.5 | 500 | ~3.50 |
HESAI Pandar40 | 200 | 360 | 2.0 | 720 | ~1.46 |
Velodyne Puck LITE | 100 | 360 | 3.0 | 300 | ~0.59 |
Velodyne HDL-32E | 100 | 360 | 2.0 | 695 | ~1.0 |
Ibeo LUX | 150 | 110 | 4.0 | 976 | ~1.0 |
Sick LMS511 PRO | 80 | 190 | 2.5~5.0 | 100 | ~3.7 |
Sick LD LRS1000 | 250 | 360 | 3.8 | 10 | ~4.1 |
Hokuyo UTM30LX | 30 | 270 | 3.0~5.0 | 25 | ~0.37 |
Tree Density Category | Coniferous Forest Site | Broadleaved Forest Site | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Density (Stems/ha) | DBH (cm) | Height (m) | Density (Stems/ha) | DBH (cm) | Height (m) | |
Low | 565 | 17.76 ± 6.79 | 15.59 ± 1.90 | 624 | 12.34 ± 5.45 | 9.30 ± 3.11 |
Medium | 858 | 23.19 ± 6.43 | 13.27 ± 3.95 | 1128 | 12.59 ± 5.38 | 9.67 ± 2.58 |
High | 1130 | 19.46 ± 3.85 | 16.87 ± 2.00 | 2096 | 10.84 ± 5.30 | 9.09 ± 2.79 |
UAV Lidar System | Coniferous Forest | Broadleaved Forest | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Flight Height (m) | Flight Speed (m/s) | Scan Rate (Hz) | Flight Height (m) | Flight Speed (m/s) | Scan Rate (Hz) | |
DJI Livox | 100, 150, 200 | 4, 6, 8 | 100 | 150 | 6 | 100 |
Velodyne Puck | 50, 75 | 4, 6, 8 | 300 | 75 | 6 | 300 |
HESAI Pandar40 | 50, 100, 150, 200 | 4, 6, 8 | 720 | 150 | 6 | 720 |
RIEGL miniVUX | 50, 100, 150, 200 | 4, 6, 8 | 100 | 150 | 6 | 100 |
RIEGL VUX | 50, 100, 150, 200 | 4, 6, 8 | 400 | 150 | 6 | 400 |
Mean Bias (cm) | Standard Deviation of Bias (cm) | |
---|---|---|
Horizontal precision | 3.72 | 2.53 |
Vertical precision | 4.75 | 3.57 |
Relative horizontal accuracy | 12.10 | 13.25 |
Relative vertical accuracy | 21.80 | 9.31 |
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Hu, T.; Sun, X.; Su, Y.; Guan, H.; Sun, Q.; Kelly, M.; Guo, Q. Development and Performance Evaluation of a Very Low-Cost UAV-Lidar System for Forestry Applications. Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 77. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13010077
Hu T, Sun X, Su Y, Guan H, Sun Q, Kelly M, Guo Q. Development and Performance Evaluation of a Very Low-Cost UAV-Lidar System for Forestry Applications. Remote Sensing. 2021; 13(1):77. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13010077
Chicago/Turabian StyleHu, Tianyu, Xiliang Sun, Yanjun Su, Hongcan Guan, Qianhui Sun, Maggi Kelly, and Qinghua Guo. 2021. "Development and Performance Evaluation of a Very Low-Cost UAV-Lidar System for Forestry Applications" Remote Sensing 13, no. 1: 77. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13010077