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Review

Close-Range Sensing and Data Fusion for Built Heritage Inspection and Monitoring—A Review

by
Efstathios Adamopoulos
1,* and
Fulvio Rinaudo
2
1
Department of Computer Science, University of Turin, Corso Svizzera 185, 10149 Torino, Italy
2
Department of Architecture and Design, Polytechnic University of Turin, Viale Pier Andrea Mattioli 39, 10125 Torino, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Remote Sens. 2021, 13(19), 3936; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13193936
Submission received: 1 August 2021 / Revised: 27 September 2021 / Accepted: 28 September 2021 / Published: 1 October 2021

Abstract

Built cultural heritage is under constant threat due to environmental pressures, anthropogenic damages, and interventions. Understanding the preservation state of monuments and historical structures, and the factors that alter their architectural and structural characteristics through time, is crucial for ensuring their protection. Therefore, inspection and monitoring techniques are essential for heritage preservation, as they enable knowledge about the altering factors that put built cultural heritage at risk, by recording their immediate effects on monuments and historic structures. Nondestructive evaluations with close-range sensing techniques play a crucial role in monitoring. However, data recorded by different sensors are frequently processed separately, which hinders integrated use, visualization, and interpretation. This article’s aim is twofold: i) to present an overview of close-range sensing techniques frequently applied to evaluate built heritage conditions, and ii) to review the progress made regarding the fusion of multi-sensor data recorded by them. Particular emphasis is given to the integration of data from metric surveying and from recording techniques that are traditionally non-metric. The article attempts to shed light on the problems of the individual and integrated use of image-based modeling, laser scanning, thermography, multispectral imaging, ground penetrating radar, and ultrasonic testing, giving heritage practitioners a point of reference for the successful implementation of multidisciplinary approaches for built cultural heritage scientific investigations.
Keywords: nondestructive evaluation; metric survey; sensors; close-range sensing; data fusion; building inspection; cultural heritage nondestructive evaluation; metric survey; sensors; close-range sensing; data fusion; building inspection; cultural heritage

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MDPI and ACS Style

Adamopoulos, E.; Rinaudo, F. Close-Range Sensing and Data Fusion for Built Heritage Inspection and Monitoring—A Review. Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 3936. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13193936

AMA Style

Adamopoulos E, Rinaudo F. Close-Range Sensing and Data Fusion for Built Heritage Inspection and Monitoring—A Review. Remote Sensing. 2021; 13(19):3936. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13193936

Chicago/Turabian Style

Adamopoulos, Efstathios, and Fulvio Rinaudo. 2021. "Close-Range Sensing and Data Fusion for Built Heritage Inspection and Monitoring—A Review" Remote Sensing 13, no. 19: 3936. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13193936

APA Style

Adamopoulos, E., & Rinaudo, F. (2021). Close-Range Sensing and Data Fusion for Built Heritage Inspection and Monitoring—A Review. Remote Sensing, 13(19), 3936. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13193936

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