Multi-Dimensional Remote Sensing Analysis Documents Beaver-Induced Permafrost Degradation, Seward Peninsula, Alaska
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Remote Sensing Observational Datasets
2.2.1. Multi-Resolution Optical Image Observations
2.2.2. Reconstructing Beaver Activity
2.2.3. Measuring Topographic Change
2.2.4. Multispectral Indices
2.2.5. UAS Data Collection
2.2.6. Summer Precipitation Data
3. Results
3.1. Timing of Beaver Activities
3.2. Fluvial Geomorphology
3.3. Changes in Vegetation and Snow
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Image Platform | Spatial Resolution (m) | Temporal Resolution | Spectral Resolution (Bands) | Radiometric Resolution (Bit Depth) | Temporal Range of Images Used | Images in Time Series Analysis (n) | Remote Sensing Application |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Landsat OLI | 30 | 8–16 days | 8 | 16 | 2017–2021 | 17 | General Observations of Landcover Change |
Sentinel-2 | 10 | 1–5 days | 4 | 12 | 2017–2021 | 152 | Multi-Spectral Index Trend Analysis |
PlanetLabs, Inc Cubesats | 3–5 | Daily | 4 | 12 | 2019 (July/August) | 15 | Object Feature Detection Timing |
Arctic DEM | 2 | Infrequent | N/A | N/A | 2017–2020 | 3 | DSM/dDSM Generation |
DigitalGlobe, Inc./MAXAR VHRS | 0.5 | Infrequent | 1 | 11 | 2006–2021 | 8 | Object Feature Detection Impacts |
UAS | 0.15 | Infrequent | 3 | 16 | 2021 | 1 | DSM Generation |
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Jones, B.M.; Tape, K.D.; Clark, J.A.; Bondurant, A.C.; Ward Jones, M.K.; Gaglioti, B.V.; Elder, C.D.; Witharana, C.; Miller, C.E. Multi-Dimensional Remote Sensing Analysis Documents Beaver-Induced Permafrost Degradation, Seward Peninsula, Alaska. Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 4863. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13234863
Jones BM, Tape KD, Clark JA, Bondurant AC, Ward Jones MK, Gaglioti BV, Elder CD, Witharana C, Miller CE. Multi-Dimensional Remote Sensing Analysis Documents Beaver-Induced Permafrost Degradation, Seward Peninsula, Alaska. Remote Sensing. 2021; 13(23):4863. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13234863
Chicago/Turabian StyleJones, Benjamin M., Ken D. Tape, Jason A. Clark, Allen C. Bondurant, Melissa K. Ward Jones, Benjamin V. Gaglioti, Clayton D. Elder, Chandi Witharana, and Charles E. Miller. 2021. "Multi-Dimensional Remote Sensing Analysis Documents Beaver-Induced Permafrost Degradation, Seward Peninsula, Alaska" Remote Sensing 13, no. 23: 4863. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13234863