3D Reconstruction and Geostatic Analysis of an Early Medieval Cemetery (Olonne-sur-Mer, France)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Description of the Site
2.2. Anthropological Methods
2.3. Statistics
2.4. Creation of Successive DTM
2.4.1. The “Bottom of Form” DTM
2.4.2. The “Surface” DTM
2.4.3. The “Funeral Mound” DTM
2.5. Data and Geostatic Confrontation
3. Results: Towards a Restitution of the Invisible
3.1. The 3D Tool for Landscape Description
3.2. Subject Distribution (MNI) and Funeral Space Prioritization
3.3. Reading the Concentration of Residual Finds
3.4. The Organization of the Sepulchral Space by Age at Death
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Grave | Length | Width | Depth | Age | Deposit | Funeral Architecture | Area of Decomposition | Volume of the Container/Body | Compacted vol. In Situ | Mound Volume | Type | Block |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 150 | 36 | 8 | kid | Primary | Coffin | Mixed | 0.216 | 0.21 | 0.2685 | Container | yes |
2 | 220 | 46 | 14 | adult | Primary | Coffin | Mixed | 0.4048 | 0.45 | 0.5173 | Container | yes |
3 | 200 | 60 | 8 | adult | Primary | Coffin | Empty | 0.48 | 0.37 | 0.5725 | Container | yes |
4 | 163 | 64 | 3 | kid | Primary | Coffin | Empty | 0.41728 | 0.2 | 0.46728 | Container | no |
5 | 170 | 40 | 18 | adult | Primary | Pit | Clogged | 0.075 | 0.21 | 0.1275 | Adult body | yes |
6 | 178 | 63 | 3 | adult | Primary | Unknown | Unknown | 0.075 | 0.19 | 0.1225 | Adult body | yes |
7 | 80 | 28 | 2 | kid | Primary | Pit | Mixed | 0.037 | 0.08 | 0.057 | Kid body | no |
8 | 167 | 42 | 1 | adult | Primary | Unknown | Unknown | 0.075 | 0.17 | 0.1175 | Adult body | no |
9 | 164 | 45 | 9 | kid | Primary | Unknown | Unknown | 0.037 | 0.18 | 0.082 | Kid body | yes |
10 | 180 | 70 | 24 | adult | Primary | Coffin | Mixed | 0.504 | 0.22 | 0.559 | Container | yes |
11 | 194 | 63 | 24 | adult | Primary | Pit | Clogged | 0.075 | 0.38 | 0.17 | Adult body | no |
12 | 195 | 70 | 12 | adult | Primary | Coffin | Empty | 0.546 | 0.39 | 0.6435 | Container | yes |
13 | 56 | 35 | 1 | kid | Primary | Unknown | Unknown | 0.037 | 0.08 | 0.057 | Kid body | no |
14 | 160 | 40 | 2 | adult | Primary | Pit | Clogged | 0.075 | 0.1 | 0.1 | Adult body | no |
15 | 110 | 40 | 2 | kid | Primary | Pit | Mixed | 0.037 | 0.16 | 0.077 | Kid body | no |
16 | 175 | 62 | 12 | adult | Primary | Coffin | Mixed | 0.434 | 0.37 | 0.5265 | Container | yes |
17 | 176 | 60 | 2 | adult | Primary | Unknown | Unknown | 0.075 | 0.18 | 0.12 | Adult body | yes |
18 | 180 | 80 | 30 | kid | Primary | Coffin | Empty | 0.576 | 0.61 | 0.7285 | Container | yes |
19 | 210 | 60 | 2 | adult | Primary | Coffin | Empty | 0.504 | 0.29 | 0.5765 | Container | yes |
20 | 200 | 58 | 16 | adult | Primary | Pit | Clogged | 0.075 | 0.23 | 0.1325 | Adult body | yes |
21 | 164 | 50 | 2 | none | Empty | Unknown | Empty | 0.328 | 0.24 | 0.388 | Container | no |
22 | 34 | 55 | 14 | kid | Primary | Unknown | Unknown | 0.037 | 0.16 | 0.077 | Kid body | no |
23 | 170 | 73 | 21 | adult | Primary | Coffin | Empty | 0.4964 | 0.16 | 0.5364 | Container | no |
24 | 100 | 45 | 1 | adult | Primary | Unknown | Unknown | 0.075 | 0.09 | 0.0975 | Adult body | no |
25 | 70 | 50 | 2 | adult | Secondary | Pit | Clogged | 0.075 | 0.05 | 0.0875 | Adult body | no |
26 | 220 | 52 | 14 | adult | Primary | Coffin | Empty | 0.4576 | 0.29 | 0.5301 | Container | no |
27 | 40 | 40 | 3 | kid | Primary | Unknown | Unknown | 0.037 | 0.08 | 0.057 | Kid body | no |
28 | 190 | 60 | 4 | adult | Primary | Pit | Clogged | 0.075 | 0.25 | 0.1375 | Adult body | yes |
29 | 160 | 55 | 10 | adult | Primary | Coffin | Empty | 0.352 | 0.23 | 0.4095 | Container | yes |
30 | 250 | 55 | 30 | adult | Primary | Pit | Mixed | 0.075 | 0.29 | 0.1475 | Adult body | yes |
31 | 200 | 75 | 26 | adult | Primary | Coffin | Empty | 0.6 | 0.59 | 0.7475 | Container | yes |
32 | 60 | 50 | 2 | adult | Secondary | Unknown | Unknown | 0.075 | 0.05 | 0.0875 | Adult body | yes |
33 | 170 | 55 | 8 | adult | Primary | Coffin | Empty | 0.374 | 0.24 | 0.434 | Container | yes |
34 | 180 | 63 | 24 | adult | Primary | Pit | Clogged | 0.075 | 0.4 | 0.175 | Adult body | yes |
35 | 100 | 45 | 2 | kid | Primary | Coffin | Mixed | 0.18 | 0.08 | 0.2 | Container | yes |
36 | 210 | 80 | 24 | adult | Secondary | Sarcophagus | Empty | 0.672 | 0.53 | 0.8045 | Container | yes |
37 | 223 | 65 | 5 | adult | Primary | Pit | Mixed | 0.075 | 0.4 | 0.175 | Adult body | no |
38 | 154 | 40 | 5 | kid | Primary | Coffin | Empty | 0.2464 | 0.07 | 0.2639 | Container | no |
39 | 190 | 55 | 5 | adult | Primary | Unknown | Unknown | 0.075 | 0.19 | 0.1225 | Adult body | yes |
40 | 184 | 56 | 10 | adult | Primary | Sarcophagus | Clogged | 0.41216 | 0.31 | 0.48966 | Container | yes |
41 | 188 | 50 | 40 | adult | Primary | Pit | Clogged | 0.075 | 0.42 | 0.18 | Adult body | yes |
42 | 178 | 56 | 12 | adult | Primary | Pit | Clogged | 0.075 | 0.2 | 0.125 | Adult body | yes |
43 | 130 | 40 | 1 | adult | Primary | Pit | Clogged | 0.075 | 0.11 | 0.1025 | Adult body | no |
44 | 130 | 44 | 1 | adult | Primary | Unknown | Clogged | 0.075 | 0.07 | 0.0925 | Adult body | no |
45 | 216 | 61 | 25 | adult | Primary | Coffin | Empty | 0.52704 | 0.5 | 0.65204 | Container | no |
47 | 195 | 65 | 17 | adult | Primary | Coffin | Empty | 0.507 | 0.39 | 0.6045 | Container | yes |
48 | 185 | 65 | 9 | adult | Primary | Pit | Clogged | 0.075 | 0.13 | 0.1075 | Adult body | no |
49 | 126 | 56 | 24 | kid | Primary | Coffin | Empty | 0.28224 | 0.29 | 0.35474 | Container | yes |
50 | 180 | 60 | 1 | adult | Secondary | Unknown | Unknown | 0.075 | 0.1 | 0.1 | Adult body | yes |
51 | 200 | 70 | 5 | adult | Secondary | Sarcophagus | Empty | 0.56 | 0.23 | 0.6175 | Container | no |
52 | 193 | 60 | 15 | adult | Primary | Coffin | Empty | 0.4632 | 0.3 | 0.5382 | Container | yes |
53 | 100 | 36 | 5 | kid | Primary | Pit | Clogged | 0.037 | 0.21 | 0.0895 | Kid body | yes |
54 | 72 | 30 | 3 | kid | Primary | Unknown | Unknown | 0.037 | 0.07 | 0.0545 | Kid body | no |
55 | 206 | 60 | 15 | adult | Primary | Coffin | Clogged | 0.075 | 0.47 | 0.1925 | Adult body | yes |
56 | 48 | 37 | 7 | kid | Primary | Unknown | Unknown | 0.037 | 0.05 | 0.0495 | Kid body | no |
57 | 80 | 60 | 5 | adult | Primary | Unknown | Unknown | 0.075 | 0.09 | 0.0975 | Adult body | no |
58 | 200 | 60 | 2 | adult | Secondary | Sarcophagus | Empty | 0.48 | 0.35 | 0.5675 | Container | yes |
59 | 185 | 70 | 10 | adult | Primary | Coffin | Clogged | 0.075 | 0.42 | 0.18 | Adult body | yes |
60 | 185 | 63 | 7 | adult | Primary | Coffin | Empty | 0.4662 | 0.23 | 0.5237 | Container | no |
61 | 143 | 50 | 10 | kid | Primary | Coffin | Empty | 0.286 | 0.17 | 0.3285 | Container | no |
62 | 190 | 62 | 5 | adult | Secondary | Unknown | Unknown | 0.075 | 0.57 | 0.2175 | Adult body | yes |
63 | 175 | 66 | 7 | adult | Secondary | Unknown | Unknown | 0.075 | 0.54 | 0.21 | Adult body | no |
64 | 133 | 48 | 8 | kid | Primary | Coffin | Clogged | 0.037 | 0.11 | 0.0645 | Kid body | yes |
65 | 168 | 50 | 5 | adult | Primary | Pit | Clogged | 0.075 | 0.14 | 0.11 | Adult body | yes |
66 | 260 | 50 | 3 | adult | Primary | Coffin | Empty | 0.52 | 0.25 | 0.5825 | Container | yes |
67 | 200 | 63 | 4 | adult | Secondary | Unknown | Unknown | 0.075 | 0.34 | 0.16 | Adult body | yes |
68 | 190 | 50 | 20 | adult | Primary | Coffin | Empty | 0.38 | 0.29 | 0.4525 | Container | yes |
69 | 163 | 50 | 12 | adult | Primary | Coffin | Mixed | 0.326 | 0.32 | 0.406 | Container | yes |
70 | 186 | 68 | 4 | adult | Primary | Pit | Empty | 0.50592 | 0.37 | 0.59842 | Container | no |
71 | 60 | 45 | 6 | adult | Primary | Unknown | Clogged | 0.075 | 0.04 | 0.085 | Adult body | no |
72 | 190 | 50 | 13 | adult | Primary | Pit | Mixed | 0.075 | 0.27 | 0.1425 | Adult body | no |
73 | 120 | 60 | 12 | kid | Primary | Coffin | Empty | 0.288 | 0.23 | 0.3455 | Container | yes |
74 | 30 | 60 | 12 | none | Empty | Unknown | Empty | 0.072 | 0.03 | 0.0795 | Container | yes |
75 | 200 | 55 | 40 | kid | Primary | Coffin | Empty | 0.44 | 0.59 | 0.5875 | Container | yes |
76 | 140 | 48 | 10 | kid | Primary | Coffin | Empty | 0.2688 | 0.2 | 0.3188 | Container | yes |
77 | 210 | 56 | 12 | adult | Primary | Coffin | Empty | 0.4704 | 0.29 | 0.5429 | Container | no |
78 | 174 | 60 | 3 | adult | Primary | Pit | Clogged | 0.075 | 0.19 | 0.1225 | Adult body | yes |
79 | 195 | 64 | 3 | adult | Secondary | Unknown | Unknown | 0.075 | 0.16 | 0.115 | Adult body | yes |
80 | 197 | 68 | 35 | adult | Primary | Coffin | Clogged | 0.075 | 0.5 | 0.2 | Adult body | yes |
81 | 200 | 75 | 3 | adult | Secondary | Unknown | Unknown | 0.075 | 0.33 | 0.1575 | Adult body | yes |
82 | 200 | 60 | 3 | adult | Secondary | Unknown | Unknown | 0.075 | 0.28 | 0.145 | Adult body | yes |
83 | 120 | 45 | 11 | kid | Primary | Unknown | Clogged | 0.037 | 0.15 | 0.0745 | Kid body | yes |
84 | 115 | 50 | 1 | kid | Primary | Coffin | Empty | 0.23 | 0.06 | 0.245 | Container | yes |
85 | 205 | 66 | 13 | adult | Secondary | Unknown | Unknown | 0.075 | 0.34 | 0.16 | Adult body | yes |
86 | 260 | 62 | 8 | adult | Secondary | Unknown | Unknown | 0.075 | 0.34 | 0.16 | Adult body | no |
87 | 208 | 70 | 22 | adult | Secondary | Unknown | Unknown | 0.075 | 0.6 | 0.225 | Adult body | yes |
88 | 140 | 44 | 23 | kid | Primary | Pit | Clogged | 0.037 | 0.26 | 0.102 | Kid body | yes |
89 | 110 | 45 | 3 | adult | Primary | Unknown | Empty | 0.198 | 0.07 | 0.2155 | Container | yes |
90 | 146 | 42 | 8 | kid | Primary | Coffin | Empty | 0.24528 | 0.14 | 0.28028 | Container | yes |
91 | 240 | 77 | 26 | adult | Primary | Pit | Empty | 0.7392 | 0.65 | 0.9017 | Container | no |
92 | 180 | 60 | 1 | adult | Primary | Unknown | Unknown | 0.075 | 0.16 | 0.115 | Adult body | yes |
93 | 136 | 60 | 17 | adult | Primary | Coffin | Empty | 0.3264 | 0.25 | 0.3889 | Container | yes |
94 | 75 | 50 | 2 | adult | Primary | Pit | Clogged | 0.075 | 0.1 | 0.1 | Adult body | yes |
95 | 200 | 75 | 18 | adult | Primary | Coffin | Empty | 0.6 | 0.44 | 0.71 | Container | yes |
96 | 200 | 72 | 30 | adult | Primary | Coffin | Empty | 0.576 | 0.58 | 0.721 | Container | yes |
97 | 170 | 60 | 44 | adult | Secondary | Unknown | Unknown | 0.075 | 0.63 | 0.2325 | Adult body | yes |
98 | 245 | 80 | 16 | adult | Primary | Sarcophagus | Empty | 0.784 | 0.41 | 0.8865 | Container | yes |
99 | 158 | 60 | 5 | none | Empty | Unknown | Empty | 0.3792 | 0.16 | 0.4192 | Container | yes |
100 | 120 | 38 | 5 | kid | Secondary | Unknown | Unknown | 0.037 | 0.09 | 0.0595 | Kid body | yes |
101 | 106 | 45 | 12 | none | Empty | Unknown | Empty | 0.1908 | 0.09 | 0.2133 | Container | yes |
102 | 195 | 70 | 2 | adult | Primary | Coffin | Empty | 0.546 | 0.24 | 0.606 | Container | yes |
103 | 123 | 30 | 10 | kid | Primary | Pit | Clogged | 0.037 | 0.09 | 0.0595 | Kid body | no |
104 | 190 | 70 | 2 | adult | Primary | Unknown | Unknown | 0.075 | 0.21 | 0.1275 | Adult body | no |
106 | 193 | 60 | 20 | adult | Primary | Coffin | Empty | 0.4632 | 0.21 | 0.5157 | Container | yes |
107 | 205 | 44 | 10 | adult | Primary | Coffin | Empty | 0.3608 | 0.13 | 0.3933 | Container | yes |
108 | 198 | 48 | 11 | adult | Primary | Coffin | Empty | 0.38016 | 0.23 | 0.43766 | Container | yes |
109 | 196 | 63 | 5 | none | Empty | Unknown | Empty | 0.49392 | 0.32 | 0.57392 | Container | yes |
110 | 50 | 34 | 9 | kid | Primary | Coffin | Empty | 0.068 | 0.04 | 0.078 | Container | yes |
111 | 230 | 80 | 10 | adult | Secondary | Unknown | Unknown | 0.075 | 0.27 | 0.1425 | Adult body | no |
112 | 250 | 54 | 20 | adult | Primary | Unknown | Unknown | 0.075 | 0.49 | 0.1975 | Adult body | yes |
113 | 200 | 54 | 2 | none | Empty | Unknown | Empty | 0.432 | 0.34 | 0.517 | Container | yes |
114 | 220 | 63 | 2 | adult | Primary | Coffin | Empty | 0.5544 | 0.2 | 0.6044 | Container | no |
115 | 110 | 32 | 7 | kid | Primary | Pit | Clogged | 0.037 | 0.1 | 0.062 | Kid body | yes |
116 | 210 | 78 | 16 | adult | Primary | Coffin | Empty | 0.6552 | 0.4 | 0.7552 | Container | yes |
117 | 180 | 50 | 24 | adult | Primary | Coffin | Empty | 0.36 | 0.17 | 0.4025 | Container | yes |
118 | 236 | 50 | 5 | adult | Secondary | Unknown | Unknown | 0.075 | 0.23 | 0.1325 | Adult body | no |
119 | 187 | 62 | 15 | adult | Primary | Coffin | Empty | 0.46376 | 0.18 | 0.50876 | Container | yes |
120 | 186 | 75 | 10 | adult | Primary | Unknown | Unknown | 0.075 | 0.11 | 0.1025 | Adult body | yes |
121 | 65 | 62 | 20 | adult | Primary | Coffin | Empty | 0.1612 | 0.03 | 0.1687 | Container | yes |
122 | 199 | 54 | 11 | adult | Primary | Coffin | Empty | 0.42984 | 0.27 | 0.49734 | Container | yes |
123 | 130 | 60 | 8 | adult | Primary | Coffin | Empty | 0.312 | 0.18 | 0.357 | Container | no |
124 | 151 | 43 | 2 | adult | Primary | Unknown | Empty | 0.25972 | 0.1 | 0.28472 | Container | yes |
125 | 195 | 60 | 30 | adult | Primary | Coffin | Empty | 0.468 | 0.36 | 0.558 | Container | yes |
126 | 80 | 40 | 10 | adult | Primary | Pit | Clogged | 0.075 | 0.08 | 0.095 | Adult body | yes |
127 | 120 | 50 | 7 | kid | Primary | Unknown | Mixed | 0.037 | 0.15 | 0.0745 | Kid body | yes |
128 | 140 | 68 | 8 | kid | Primary | Unknown | Unknown | 0.037 | 0.12 | 0.067 | Kid body | yes |
129 | 70 | 70 | 10 | adult | Primary | Unknown | Unknown | 0.075 | 0.08 | 0.095 | Adult body | yes |
130 | 220 | 55 | 2 | adult | Primary | Unknown | Unknown | 0.075 | 0.02 | 0.08 | Adult body | yes |
131 | 210 | 55 | 28 | adult | Primary | Pit | Empty | 0.462 | 0.53 | 0.5945 | Container | yes |
132 | 180 | 80 | 2 | adult | Primary | Pit | Clogged | 0.075 | 0.22 | 0.13 | Adult body | yes |
133 | 70 | 40 | 10 | kid | Primary | Unknown | Unknown | 0.037 | 0.05 | 0.0495 | Kid body | no |
134 | 180 | 50 | 7 | adult | Secondary | Unknown | Empty | 0.36 | 0.23 | 0.4175 | Container | yes |
135 | 196 | 60 | 2 | adult | Primary | Unknown | Empty | 0.4704 | 0.26 | 0.5354 | Container | yes |
136 | 180 | 70 | 10 | none | Empty | Unknown | Empty | 0.504 | 0.28 | 0.574 | Container | no |
137 | 140 | 44 | 28 | kid | Primary | Coffin | Empty | 0.2464 | 0.11 | 0.2739 | Container | yes |
138 | 200 | 50 | 5 | kid | Primary | Unknown | Unknown | 0.037 | 0.24 | 0.097 | Kid body | yes |
139 | 211 | 50 | 17 | adult | Primary | Coffin | Empty | 0.422 | 0.33 | 0.5045 | Container | yes |
140 | 230 | 60 | 30 | adult | Primary | Coffin | Empty | 0.552 | 0.37 | 0.6445 | Container | yes |
141 | 230 | 66 | 20 | adult | Primary | Pit | Clogged | 0.075 | 0.29 | 0.1475 | Adult body | yes |
142 | 190 | 44 | 16 | adult | Primary | Coffin | Empty | 0.3344 | 0.33 | 0.4169 | Container | yes |
143 | 215 | 55 | 16 | adult | Primary | Coffin | Empty | 0.473 | 0.34 | 0.558 | Container | yes |
144 | 90 | 40 | 5 | adult | Primary | Coffin | Empty | 0.144 | 0.2 | 0.194 | Container | yes |
145 | 185 | 40 | 10 | adult | Primary | Coffin | Empty | 0.296 | 0.16 | 0.336 | Container | yes |
146 | 70 | 50 | 2 | adult | Primary | Unknown | Empty | 0.14 | 0.22 | 0.195 | Container | no |
147 | 150 | 77 | 10 | adult | Secondary | Unknown | Unknown | 0.075 | 0.32 | 0.155 | Adult body | yes |
148 | 140 | 38 | 2 | none | Empty | Unknown | Empty | 0.2128 | 0.18 | 0.2578 | Container | yes |
149 | 180 | 56 | 20 | adult | Primary | Coffin | Empty | 0.4032 | 0.31 | 0.4807 | Container | yes |
150 | 120 | 57 | 20 | adult | Primary | Coffin | Empty | 0.2736 | 0.19 | 0.3211 | Container | yes |
151 | 210 | 73 | 25 | adult | Primary | Coffin | Empty | 0.6132 | 0.53 | 0.7457 | Container | yes |
152 | 188 | 55 | 16 | adult | Primary | Coffin | Empty | 0.4136 | 0.31 | 0.4911 | Container | yes |
153 | 185 | 50 | 14 | adult | Primary | Coffin | Empty | 0.37 | 0.17 | 0.4125 | Container | yes |
154 | 180 | 40 | 60 | adult | Primary | Unknown | Unknown | 0.075 | 0.12 | 0.105 | Adult body | no |
155 | 160 | 54 | 8 | adult | Primary | Coffin | Empty | 0.3456 | 0.21 | 0.3981 | Container | yes |
156 | 150 | 75 | 25 | kid | Primary | Unknown | Unknown | 0.037 | 0.22 | 0.092 | Kid body | yes |
157 | 220 | 58 | 17 | adult | Primary | Pit | Clogged | 0.075 | 0.24 | 0.135 | Adult body | yes |
158 | 220 | 65 | 7 | adult | Primary | Coffin | Empty | 0.572 | 0.49 | 0.6945 | Container | yes |
159 | 173 | 70 | 30 | kid | Primary | Unknown | Unknown | 0.037 | 0.25 | 0.0995 | Kid body | yes |
160 | 220 | 71 | 16 | adult | Primary | Coffin | Empty | 0.6248 | 0.57 | 0.7673 | Container | yes |
161 | 180 | 60 | 30 | adult | Primary | Coffin | Empty | 0.432 | 0.18 | 0.477 | Container | yes |
162 | 150 | 46 | 24 | kid | Primary | Coffin | Empty | 0.276 | 0.22 | 0.331 | Container | yes |
163 | 180 | 45 | 8 | adult | Primary | Pit | Clogged | 0.075 | 0.27 | 0.1425 | Adult body | no |
164 | 165 | 63 | 5 | kid | Primary | Unknown | Unknown | 0.037 | 0.3 | 0.112 | Kid body | yes |
165 | 220 | 55 | 25 | adult | Primary | Pit | Clogged | 0.075 | 0.53 | 0.2075 | Adult body | yes |
166 | 230 | 80 | 30 | adult | Secondary | Unknown | Unknown | 0.075 | 0.95 | 0.3125 | Adult body | yes |
167 | 210 | 80 | 10 | adult | Secondary | Sarcophagus | Empty | 0.672 | 0.3 | 0.747 | Container | yes |
168 | 80 | 60 | 10 | adult | Primary | Pit | Clogged | 0.075 | 0.06 | 0.09 | Adult body | yes |
169 | 175 | 60 | 25 | adult | Primary | Coffin | Empty | 0.42 | 0.2 | 0.47 | Container | yes |
170 | 120 | 40 | 18 | kid | Primary | Coffin | Empty | 0.192 | 0.13 | 0.2245 | Container | yes |
171 | 180 | 50 | 20 | adult | Primary | Pit | Clogged | 0.075 | 0.25 | 0.1375 | Adult body | yes |
172 | 90 | 55 | 6 | adult | Primary | Unknown | Unknown | 0.075 | 0.21 | 0.1275 | Adult body | yes |
173 | 140 | 45 | 20 | kid | Primary | Coffin | Empty | 0.252 | 0.2 | 0.302 | Container | yes |
174 | 220 | 65 | none | Empty | Unknown | Empty | 0.572 | 0.3 | 0.647 | Container | no |
References
- Meyer-Heß, M.F. Identification of Archaeologically Relevant Areas Using Open Geodata. KN J. Cartogr. Geogr. Inf. 2020, 70, 107–125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Canuto, M.A.; Estrada-Belli, F.; Garrison, T.G.; Houston, S.D.; Acuña, M.J.; Kováč, M.; Marken, D.; Nondédéo, P.; Auld-Thomas, L.; Castanet, C.; et al. Ancient lowland Maya complexity as revealed by airborne laser scanning of northern Guatemala. Science 2018, 361, eaau0137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Inomata, T.; Pinzón, F.; Ranchos, J.L.; Haraguchi, T.; Nasu, H.; Fernandez-Diaz, J.C.; Aoyama, K.; Yonenobu, H. Archaeological Application of Airborne LiDAR with Object-Based Vegetation Classification and Visualization Techniques at the Lowland Maya Site of Ceibal, Guatemala. Remote Sens. 2017, 9, 563. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chase, A.F.; Chase, D.Z.; Weishampel, J.F.; Drake, J.B.; Shrestha, R.L.; Slatton, K.C.; Awe, J.J.; Carter, W.E. Airborne LiDAR, archaeology, and the ancient Maya landscape at Caracol, Belize. J. Archaeol. Sci. 2011, 38, 387–398. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, S.; Hu, Q.; Wang, F.; Ai, M.; Zhong, R. A Microtopographic Feature Analysis-Based LiDAR Data Processing Approach for the Identification of Chu Tombs. Remote Sens. 2017, 9, 880. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Evers, R.; Masters, P. The application of low-altitude near-infrared aerial photography for detecting clandestine burials using a UAV and low-cost unmodified digital camera. Forensic Sci. Int. 2018, 289, 408–418. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Poirier, N.; Hautefeuille, F.; Calastrenc, C. Low Altitude Thermal Survey by Means of an Automated Unmanned Aerial Vehicle for the Detection of Archaeological Buried Structures. Archaeol. Prospect. 2013, 20, 303–307. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Cochet, A. La Normandie Souterraine Ou Notice Sur des Cimetières Romains et Des Cimetières Francs Explorés En Normandie; Derache: Paris, France, 1855. [Google Scholar]
- Bonnabel, L. Archéologie de La Mort En France; La Découverte: Paris, France, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Bowman, S. Interpreting the Past. In Radiocarbon Dating; University of California Press: Berkeley, CA, USA, 1990; ISBN 978-0-520-07037-0. [Google Scholar]
- Schoeninger, M.J.; Moore, K. Bone stable isotope studies in archaeology. J. World Prehistory 1992, 6, 247–296. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Handt, O.; Höss, M.; Krings, M.; Pääbo, S. Ancient DNA: Methodological challenges. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 1994, 50, 524–529. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hoppa, R.D.; Vaupel, J.W. Paleodemography: Age Distributions from Skeletal Samples; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2008; ISBN 978-1-139-44155-1. [Google Scholar]
- Colleter, R.; Bataille, C.P.; Dabernat, H.; Pichot, D.; Hamon, P.; Duchesne, S.; Labaune-Jean, F.; Jean, S.; Le Cloirec, G.; Milano, S.; et al. The Last Battle of Anne of Brittany: Solving Mass Grave through an Interdisciplinary Approach (Paleopathology, Biological anthropology, History, Multiple Isotopes and Radiocarbon Dating). bioRxiv 2021. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Duday, H.; Cipriani, A.; Pearce, J. The Archaeology of the Dead: Lectures in Archaeothanatology; Oxbow Books: Oxford, UK; Oakville, ON, Canada, 2009. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Metcalf, P.; Huntington, R. Celebrations of Death: The Anthropology of Mortuary Ritual; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 1995; ISBN 978-0-521-42375-5. [Google Scholar]
- Haglund, W.D.; Sorg, M.H. Advances in Forensic Taphonomy: Method, Theory, and Archaeological Perspectives; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2001; ISBN 978-1-4200-5835-2. [Google Scholar]
- Duday, H. Archaeothantology or the Archaeology of Death. In The Social Archaeology of Funerary Remains; Oxbow Books: Oxford, UK, 2009; pp. 30–56. ISBN 978-1-78297-270-9. [Google Scholar]
- Kazanski, M.; Périn, P.; Vallet, F. L’Or des Princes Barbares: Du Caucase à la Gaule, Ve siècle après J.-C.: [expositions] Musée des antiquités nationales, Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, 26 septembre 2000-8 janvier 2001, Reiss-Museum Mannheim, 11 février-4 juin 2001; Éditions de la Réunion des Musées Nationaux: Paris, France, 2000; ISBN 978-2-7118-3660-4. [Google Scholar]
- Holliday, V.T.; Gartner, W.G. Methods of soil P analysis in archaeology. J. Archaeol. Sci. 2007, 34, 301–333. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cowley, D. Remote Sensing for Archaeological Heritage Management. In Proceedings of the 11th EAC Heritage Management Symposium, Reykjavík, Iceland, 25–27 March 2010; Europae Archaeologia Consilium: Brussel, Belgium, 2011; Volume 5, ISBN 978-963-9911-20-8. [Google Scholar]
- Bayliss, A. Anglo-Saxon Graves and Grave Goods of the 6th and 7th Centuries AD: A Chronological Framework; Routledge: London, UK, 2017; ISBN 978-1-351-57646-8. [Google Scholar]
- Steckel, R.H. What Can Be Learned from Skeletons that Might Interest Economists, Historians, and Other Social Scientists? Am. Econ. Rev. 2003, 93, 213–220. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Allentoft, M.E.; Sikora, M.; Sjögren, K.-G.; Rasmussen, S.; Rasmussen, M.; Stenderup, J.; Damgaard, P.D.B.; Schroeder, H.; Ahlström, T.; Vinner, L.; et al. Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia. Nat. Cell Biol. 2015, 522, 167–172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Margaryan, A.; Lawson, D.J.; Sikora, M.; Racimo, F.; Rasmussen, S.; Moltke, I.; Cassidy, L.M.; Jørsboe, E.; Ingason, A.; Pedersen, M.W.; et al. Population genomics of the Viking world. Nat. Cell Biol. 2020, 585, 390–396. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Testart, A. Les Morts d’accompagnement. La Servitude Volontaire I; Errance: Paris, France, 2004. [Google Scholar]
- Crubézy, É.; Nikolaeva, D. Vainqueurs Ou Vaincus? L’énigme de La Iakoutie; Odile Jacob: Paris, France, 2017; ISBN 978-2-7381-3791-3. [Google Scholar]
- Colleter, R. Pratiques Funéraires, Squelettes et Inégalités Sociales. Étude d’un Echantillon des Elites Bretonnes à l’Époque Moderne. Ph.D. Thesis, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Toulouse, France, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Croix, A. La Bretagne Aux XVIe et XVIIe Siècles. La vie, La Mort, La Foi; Maloine: Paris, France, 1981. [Google Scholar]
- Vovelle, M. La Mort et l’Occident. De 1300 à Nos Jours. In Bibliothèque des Histoires, Série illustrée; Gallimard: Paris, France, 2000. [Google Scholar]
- Pearson, M.P. The Archaeology of Death and Burial; Sutton Publishing Ltd.: Glouchestershire, UK, 1999; ISBN 978-0-7509-1777-3. [Google Scholar]
- Colleter, R.; Chauveau, C.; Coffineau, E.; Cotté, O.; Deloze, V.; Hinguant, S.; Labaune-Jean, F.; Leboucher, F.; Peytremann, E. Du Cimetière du Haut Moyen Âge au Bourg Prioral: Olonne-sur-Mer (85), 14 Rue de la Paix. Volume 1, Texte et Inventaire; Inrap Grand-Ouest: Cesson-Sévigné, France, 2020; p. 337. [Google Scholar]
- Noterman, A.; Cervel, M. Ritualiser, Gérer, Piller. Rencontre Autour des Réouvertures de Tombes et de La Manipulation Des Ossements. Actes de La 9e Rencontre Du Gaaf, 10–12 Mai 2017, Poitiers; Publications du Gaaf: Poitiers, France, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Lorans, E. Le monde des morts de l’Antiquité tardive à l’époque moderne (IVe-XIXe s.). In Archéologie Funéraire; Ferdière, A., Ed.; Éditions Errance: Paris, France, 2000; pp. 155–197. [Google Scholar]
- Crubézy, É.; Duday, H.; Sellier, P.; Tillier, A.-M. Anthropologie et Archéologie: Dialogue Sur Les Ensembles Funéraires. Bull. Mémoires Société Anthropologie Paris 1990, 2, 5–12. [Google Scholar]
- Duday, H. L’archéothanatologie ou l’archéologie de la mort. In Objets et Méthodes en Paléoanthropologie; Comité des Travaux Historiques et Scientifique: Paris, France, 2005; pp. 153–207. [Google Scholar]
- Colleter, R.; Romain, J.-B.; Barreau, J.-B. HumanOS: An open source nomadic software database for physical anthropology and archaeology. Virtual Archaeol. Rev. 2020, 11, 94–105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Duday, H.; Courtaud, P.; Crubezy, É.; Sellier, P.; Tillier, A.-M. L’Anthropologie «de terrain»: Reconnaissance et interprétation des gestes funéraires. Bull. Mém. Soc. d’Anthropol. Paris 1990, 2, 29–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schmitt, A. Une nouvelle méthode pour estimer l’âge au décès des adultes à partir de la surface sacro-pelvienne iliaque. Bull. Mém. Soc. Anthropol. Paris 2005, 17, 89–101. [Google Scholar]
- Lovejoy, C.O. Dental wear in the Libben population: Its functional pattern and role in the determination of adult skeletal age at death. Am. J. Phys. Anthr. 1985, 68, 47–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lovejoy, C.O.; Meindl, R.S.; Mensforth, R.P.; Barton, T.J. Multifactorial determination of skeletal age at death: A method and blind tests of its accuracy. Am. J. Phys. Anthr. 1985, 68, 1–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Moorrees, C.F.; Fanning, E.A.; Hunt, E.E. Age Variation of Formation Stages for Ten Permanent Teeth. J. Dent. Res. 1963, 42, 1490–1502. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moorrees, C.F.A.; Fanning, E.A.; Hunt, E.E. Formation and resorption of three deciduous teeth in children. Am. J. Phys. Anthr. 1963, 21, 205–213. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stloukal, M.; Hanàkovà, M. Die Längeder Langsknocher Altawisher Bevölkerungen Unter Besonderer Berücksichtigung von Wachstum Fragen. Homo 1978, 29, 53–59. [Google Scholar]
- Birkner, R. L’image Radiologique Typique du Squelette: Aspect Normal et Variantes chez l’Adulte et l’Enfant; pour Médecins, Etudiants et Manipulateurs; Maloine: Paris, France, 1980; ISBN 2-224-00568-7. [Google Scholar]
- Owings Webb, P.A.; Myers Suchey, J. Epiphyseal Union of the Anterior Iliac Cret and Medial Clavicule in a Modern Multiracial Sample of American Males and Females. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 1985, 68, 457–466. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sellier, P. L’estimation de l’âge des foetus et des enfants morts en période périnatale: Une révision de Fazekas et Kosa (1978). In Proceedings of the Croissance et Vieillissement, Actes du 21 ème Colloque du Groupement des Anthropologistes de Langue Française, Bordeaux, France, 13–15 May 1993. [Google Scholar]
- Sellier, P.; Tillier, A.-M.; Bruzek, J. A la recherche d’une référence pour l’estimation de l’âge des foetus, nouveau-nés et nour-rissons des populations archéologiques européennes. Anthropol. Préhistoire 1997, 108, 75–87. [Google Scholar]
- Scheuer, L.; Black, S.M. Developmental Juvenile Osteology; Academic Press: San Diego, CA, USA, 2000; ISBN 0-12-624000-0. [Google Scholar]
- Oliveau, S. Autocorrélation spatiale: Leçons du changement d’échelle. L’Espace Géographique 2010, 39, 51–64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moran, P.A.P. The Interpretation of Statistical Maps. J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B 1948, 10, 243–251. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guisan, A.; Thuiller, W.; Zimmermann, N.E. Habitat Suitability and Distribution Models with Applications in R; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Sillero, N.; Gomes, V. Living in clusters: The local spatial segregation of a lizard community. Basic Appl. Herpetol. 2016, 30, 61–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Simon, F.J.V. DEMto3D, Impresión 3D de Modelos Del Terreno. Available online: https://demto3d.com/ (accessed on 8 February 2021).
- Halstead, M.; Kass, M.; Derose, T. Efficient, fair interpolation using Catmull-Clark surfaces. In Proceedings of the 20th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques—SIGGRAPH ’93, Anaheim, CA, USA, 9–13 August 1993; pp. 35–44. [Google Scholar]
- Baojun, W.; Bin, S.; Zhen, S. A simple approach to 3D geological modelling and visualization. Bull. Int. Assoc. Eng. Geol. 2009, 68, 559–565. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Diana, A. Edge Chamfering Algorithm. Master’s Thesis, Institute of Computer Science Computer Science Curriculum, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Barreau, J.-B.; Gaugne, R.; Olivier, A.-H.; Llinares, S.; Gouranton, V. Reconstitution de la vie à bord d’un navire de la Compagnie des Indes orientales au xviiie siècle. In Situ 2020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barreau, J.-B.; Colleter, R. Virtualanthropy: Towards an Open-Source Tool for the Visualization of 2D Anthropology Images Positioned In 3D. Open Access J. Arch. Anthropol. 2020, 2, 3. [Google Scholar]
- Betoux, J. Les Terrassements: Première Partie (Suite); Revue Générale des Routes et des Aérodromes: Paris, France, 1979. [Google Scholar]
- Delfaut, A. Méthode d’évaluation Des Hauteurs de Montée d’un Fontis En Sol Meuble. Bull. Lab. Ponts Chaussées 2007, 20, 3–22. [Google Scholar]
- Goujou, J.-C.; Debrand-Passard, S.; Hantzpergue, P.; Lebret, P. Carte Géologique de La France à 1/50000, Notice de La Feuille des Sables d’Olonne/Longeville (584); Editions du BRGM: Orléans, France, 1994. [Google Scholar]
- Huang, J.; Zhou, Y.; Niessner, M.; Shewchuk, J.R.; Guibas, L.J. QuadriFlow: A Scalable and Robust Method for Quadrangulation. Comput. Graph. Forum 2018, 37, 147–160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schuh, A.; Dutailly, B.; Nogueira, D.C.; Santos, F.; Arensburg, B.; Vandermeersch, B.; Coqueugniot, H.; Tillier, A.-M. La Mandibule de l’adulte Qafzeh 25 (Paléolithique Moyen), Basse Galilée. Reconstruction Virtuelle 3D et Analyse Morphométrique. Paléorient 2017, 43, 49–59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sabati, Z.; Bernik, A.; Jovanovska, D. 3D Modelling Functions and Algorithms. In Proceedings of the Central European Conference on Information and Intelligent Systems, Varazdin, Croatia, 22–24 September 2010; pp. 327–334. [Google Scholar]
- Alexandre-Bidon, D. Images du cimetière chrétien au Moyen Age. In Archéologie du Cimetière Chrétien—Actes du 2e Colloque ARCHEA (Orléans, 29 septembre–1er octobre 1994); Galinié, H., Zadora-Rio, E., Eds.; 11e supplément à la Revue Archéologique de Centre de la France—Conseil Régional du Centre: Paris, France, 1996; pp. 79–93. [Google Scholar]
- Rahtz, P. Grave Orientation. Archaeol. J. 1978, 135, 1–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Blaizot, F. L’apport des méthodes de la paléo-anthropologie funéraire à l’interprétation des os en situation secondaire dans les nécropoles historiques—Problèmes relatifs au traitement et à l’interprétation des amas d’ossements. Archéologie Médi Eacute Val. 1996, 26, 1–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Duday, H. Notes et Documents—Observations Ostéologiques et Décomposition Du Cadavre: Sépulture Colmatée Ou Espace Vide. Rev. Archéologique Cent. Fr. 1990, 29, 193–196. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Salin, Édouard Les tombes gallo-romaines et mérovingiennes de la basilique de Saint-Denis (fouilles de janvier-février 1957). Mémoires Inst. Natl. Fr. 1960, 44, 169–264. [CrossRef]
- Périn, P.; Calligaro, T.; Buchet, L.; Cassiman, J.J.; Darton, Y.; Gallien, V.; Poirot, J.P.; Rast, A.; Rücker, C.; Vallet, F. La Tombe d’Arégonde. Nouvelles analyses en laboratoire du mobilier métallique et des restes organiques de la défunte du sarcophage 49 de la basilique de Saint-Denis. Antiq. Natl. 2005, 37, 181–206. [Google Scholar]
- Jouneau, D.; Colleter, R.; Gryspeirt, N.; Rolland, N.; Guillon, M. Mise en terre et mise en pierre dans le cimetière de Saint-Crespin: Diversité du sarcophage à Romilly-sur-Andelle (Eure). In Les Sarcophages de l’Antiquité tardive et du haut Moyen Age: Fabrication, Utilisation, Diffusion; Cartron, I., Henrion, F., Scuiller, C., Eds.; Suppl. Aquitania: Bordeaux, France, 2015; Volume 34, pp. 361–378. [Google Scholar]
- Deguilloux, M.; Pemonge, M.; Mendisco, F.; Thibon, D.; Cartron, I.; Castex, D. Ancient DNA and kinship analysis of human remains deposited in Merovingian necropolis sarcophagi (Jau Dignac et Loirac, France, 7th–8th century AD). J. Archaeol. Sci. 2014, 41, 399–405. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Christaller, W. Die zentralen Orte in Süddeutschland: Eine ökonomisch-geographische Untersuchung über die Gesot-zmässigkeit der Verbreitung und Entwicklung der Siedlungen mit städtischen Funktionen; Gustav Fischer: Jena, Germany, 1933. [Google Scholar]
- Zadora-Rio, E.; Galinié, H. Les changements dans l’organisation spatiale du cimetière paroissial de Rigny, Indre-et-Loire, (XIe/XIIe—XIXe siècle). In Archéologie du Cimetière Chrétien—Actes du 2e Colloque A.R.C.H.E.A. (Orléans, 29 septembre-1er octobre 1994); Galinié, H., Zadora-Rio, E., Eds.; 11e supplément à la Revue Archéologique de Centre de la France—Conseil Régional du Centre: Tours, France, 1996; pp. 172–182. [Google Scholar]
- Boissavit-Camus, B.; Zadora-Rio, E. L’organisation spatiale des cimetières paroissiaux. In Archéologie du Cimetière Chrétien—Actes du 2ème Colloque A.R.C.H.E.A. Orléans, 29 septembre-1er octobre 1994; Galinié, H., Zadora-Rio, E., Eds.; 11e supplément à la Revue Archéologique de Centre de la France—Conseil Régional du Centre: Tours, France, 1996; pp. 49–53. [Google Scholar]
- Ariès, P. L’homme Devant La Mort; Editions du Seuil: Paris, France, 1977. [Google Scholar]
- Séguy, I.; Buchet, L.; Belaigues-Rossard, M.; Couvert, N.; Perraut, C.; Beurmier, P.; Bringé, A. Tables-Types de Mortalité Pour Les Populations Pré-Industrielles et Leurs Applications En Paléodémographie. In Proceedings of the XXVe Congrès International de la Population de l’UIESP, Tours, France, 18–23 July 2005; pp. 1–17. [Google Scholar]
- Castex, D. Identification and Interpretation of Historical Cemeteries Linked to Epidemics. In Paleomicrobiology: Past Human Infections; Raoult, D., Drancourt, M., Eds.; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2008; pp. 23–48. ISBN 978-3-540-75855-6. [Google Scholar]
- Ligou, D. L’Évolution Des Cimetières. Arch. Sci. Soc. Relig. 1975, 20, 61–77. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Treffort, C. L’Eglise Carolingienne et la Mort: Christianisme, Rites Funéraires et Pratiques Commémoratives; Collection d’Histoire et d’Archéologie Médiévales; Presses Universitaires de Lyon: Lyon, France, 1996; ISBN 2-7297-0558-9. [Google Scholar]
- Colleter, R.; Le Boulanger, F.; Pichot, D. Église, Cimetière et Paroissiens. Bréal-sous-Vitré (Ille-et-Vilaine), Etude Historique, Archéologique et Anthropologique (VIIe-XVIIIe siècle); Archéologie Aujourd’hui; Errance: Paris, France, 2012; ISBN 978-2-87772-490-6. [Google Scholar]
- Melilli, V. Sepolture in Chiesa e sub Stillicidio in età Medievale. La Toscana Settentrionale (V-XV secolo). Ph.D. Thesis, Universita di Pisa, Pisa, Italy, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Colleter, R. Les Cimetières Mérovingiens en Mayenne (VIe—VIIe siècle) La Mayenne: Archèologie, Histoire Suppl; Soc. d’Archéologie et d’Histoire de la Mayenne: Laval, France, 2003; ISBN 978-2-913201-03-3. [Google Scholar]
- Urlacher, J.-P.; Passard-Urlacher, F.; Gizard, S. Saint-Vit Les Champs Traversains—Doubs—Nécropole Mérovingienne, VIe-VIIe Siècle Ap. J.-C. et Enclos Protohistorique, IXe-Ve Siècle Av.J.-C.; Presses Universitaires de Franche-Comté: Besançon, France, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Legoux, R. La Nécropole Mérovingienne de Bulles (Oise); Mémoires de l’Association Française d’archéologie Mérovingienne: Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France, 2011; Volume 2, ISBN 978-2-9524032-9-0. [Google Scholar]
- Fletcher, R. Some spatial analyses of Chalcolithic settlement in Southern Israel. J. Archaeol. Sci. 2008, 35, 2048–2058. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carrer, F. Interpreting Intra-site Spatial Patterns in Seasonal Contexts: An Ethnoarchaeological Case Study from the Western Alps. J. Archaeol. Method Theory 2015, 24, 303–327. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Bachagha, N.; Wang, X.; Luo, L.; Li, L.; Khatteli, H.; Lasaponara, R. Remote sensing and GIS techniques for reconstructing the military fort system on the Roman boundary (Tunisian section) and identifying archaeological sites. Remote Sens. Environ. 2020, 236, 111418. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carrer, F.; Kossowski, T.M.; Wilk, J.; Pietrzak, M.B.; Bivand, R.S. The application of Local Indicators for Categorical Data (LICD) to explore spatial dependence in archaeological spaces. J. Archaeol. Sci. 2021, 126, 105306. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tobler, W.R. A Computer Movie Simulating Urban Growth in the Detroit Region. Econ. Geogr. 1970, 46, 234. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Anselin, L. Spatial Econometrics: Methods and Models; Kluwer Academic Publishers: Boston, MA, USA, 1988. [Google Scholar]
- Getis, A. A History of the Concept of Spatial Autocorrelation: A Geographer’s Perspective. Geogr. Anal. 2008, 40, 297–309. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Turner, S. Historic Landscape Characterisation: A landscape archaeology for research, management and planning. Landsc. Res. 2006, 31, 385–398. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Herring, P.C. Framing Perceptions of the Historic Landscape: Historic Landscape Characterisation (HLC) and Historic Land-Use Assessment (HLA). Scott. Geogr. J. 2009, 125, 61–77. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Medyńska-Gulij, B.; Zagata, K. Experts and Gamers on Immersion into Reconstructed Strongholds. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inform. 2020, 9, 655. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Büyüksalih, G.; Kan, T.; Özkan, G.E.; Meriç, M.; Isın, L.; Kersten, T.P. Preserving the Knowledge of the Past Through Virtual Visits: From 3D Laser Scanning to Virtual Reality Visualisation at the Istanbul Çatalca İnceğiz Caves. PFGJ. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Geoinform. Sci. 2020, 88, 133–146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barreau, J.-B.; Gaugne, R.; Bernard, Y.; Le Cloirec, G.; Gouranton, V. Virtual reality tools for the west digital conservatory of archaeological heritage. In Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 2014 Virtual Reality International Conference ACM, Laval, France, 9–11 April 2014; pp. 1–4. [Google Scholar]
- Barreau, J.-B. Techniques de Production, d’Exploration et d’Analyse d’Environnements Archéologiques Virtuels. Ph.D. Thesis, INSA, Rennes, France, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Memmi, D. Le corps mort dans l’histoire des sensibilités. Communications 2015, 97, 131–145. [Google Scholar]
- Colleter, R.; Adèle, P.-A. Les restes humains archéologiques en France: Entre objets de science et sujets de droit. Can. J. Bioeth. 2019, 2, 97–108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Remondino, F. Heritage Recording and 3D Modeling with Photogrammetry and 3D Scanning. Remote Sens. 2011, 3, 1104–1138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Barsanti, S.G.; Remondino, F.; Visintini, D. 3D Surveing and Modeling of Archaeological Sites—Some Critical Issues. ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote. Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci. 2013, II-5/W1, 145–150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Colleter, R.; Dabernat, H.; Aubert, G.; Duchesne, S.; Dedouit, F.; Mokrane, F.-Z.; Telmon, N.; Crubézy, É. Avec ou sans hypothèse? Qu’attendre de la paléoépidémiologie? Exemple à partir de l’étude d’un couvent breton des ordres mendiants. In Archéologie de La Santé, Anthropologie Du Soin, (La Découverte, Inrap); La Découverte: Paris, France, 2019; pp. 145–158. [Google Scholar]
Acquisition Method | Observed Mean Distance | Expected Mean Distance | Nearest Neighbour Index | Number of Points | Z-Score |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Topographic points | 0.246 | 0.474 | 0.519 | 3684 | −55.803 |
Geoportail | 7.367 | 0 | 142,943.904 | 42 | 1,772,222.02 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Colleter, R.; Barreau, J.-B. 3D Reconstruction and Geostatic Analysis of an Early Medieval Cemetery (Olonne-sur-Mer, France). Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 1688. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13091688
Colleter R, Barreau J-B. 3D Reconstruction and Geostatic Analysis of an Early Medieval Cemetery (Olonne-sur-Mer, France). Remote Sensing. 2021; 13(9):1688. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13091688
Chicago/Turabian StyleColleter, Rozenn, and Jean-Baptiste Barreau. 2021. "3D Reconstruction and Geostatic Analysis of an Early Medieval Cemetery (Olonne-sur-Mer, France)" Remote Sensing 13, no. 9: 1688. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13091688