River Ice Mapping from Landsat-8 OLI Top of Atmosphere Reflectance Data by Addressing Atmospheric Influences with Random Forest: A Case Study on the Han River in South Korea
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Landsat-8 OLI Data
2.3. MODIS-Based Atmospheric Factors and GLO-30 DEM
3. Methodology
3.1. Development of Random Forest-Based River Ice Mapping Models
3.2. Evaluation of the River Ice Mapping Models
4. Results
4.1. Performance of River Ice Mapping Models Evaluated Based on Test Samples
4.2. Performance of River Ice Mapping Models Evaluated Based on Manually Interpreted Maps for Test Site
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Usage | Date | Path/Row | Mean AOD | Mean WV Content (g/cm2) | Mean OZ Concentration (cm atm) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Training | 22 January 2014 | 116/34 | 0.12 | 0.42 | 0.36 | |
31 January 2014 | 115/34 | 0.15 | 0.52 | 0.34 | ||
2 January 2015 | 115/34 | 0.08 | 0.35 | 0.39 | ||
9 January 2015 | 116/34 | 0.16 | 0.44 | 0.32 | ||
12 January 2016 | 116/34 | 0.07 | 0.29 | 0.37 | ||
6 February 2016 | 115/34 | 0.10 | 0.40 | 0.41 | ||
23 January 2017 | 115/34 | 0.12 | 0.25 | 0.39 | ||
16 December 2017 | 116/34 | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.33 | ||
25 December 2017 | 115/34 | 0.06 | 0.32 | 0.34 | ||
1 January 2018 | 116/34 | 0.15 | 0.38 | 0.35 | ||
10 January 2018 | 115/34 | 0.09 | 0.29 | 0.39 | ||
2 February 2018 | 116/34 | 0.16 | 0.43 | 0.37 | ||
12 December 2018 | 115/34 | 0.05 | 0.29 | 0.31 | ||
28 December 2018 | 115/34 | 0.04 | 0.18 | 0.30 | ||
20 January 2019 | 116/34 | 0.11 | 0.37 | 0.32 | ||
29 January 2019 | 115/34 | 0.05 | 0.27 | 0.27 | ||
5 February 2019 | 116/34 | 0.25 | 0.52 | 0.32 | ||
2 January 2021 | 115/34 | 0.05 | 0.24 | 0.33 | ||
12 January 2022 | 116/34 | 0.08 | 0.30 | 0.36 | ||
6 February 2022 | 115/34 | 0.08 | 0.35 | 0.35 | ||
Test | 15 February 2017 | 116/34 | 0.31 | 0.52 | 0.32 | |
24 February 2017 | 115/34 | 0.08 | 0.45 | 0.35 | ||
28 January 2022 | 116/34 | 0.08 | 0.31 | 0.33 |
Scheme No. | Variable Combination | Optimal Hyperparameters | |
---|---|---|---|
ntree | mtry | ||
Scheme 1 | Multispectral TOA reflectance (Bands 1–7 and 9) | 2000 | 3 |
Scheme 2 | Multispectral TOA reflectance (Bands 1–7 and 9), NDWI, NDSI, NDBI | 900 | 5 |
Scheme 3 | Multispectral TOA reflectance (Bands 1–7 and 9), AOD, WV, OZ, surface elevation | 1700 | 1 |
Scheme 4 | NDWI, NDSI, NDBI, AOD, WV, OZ, surface elevation | 1600 | 1 |
Scheme 5 | Multispectral TOA reflectance (Bands 1–7 and 9), NDWI, NDSI, NDBI, AOD, WV, OZ, surface elevation | 900 | 2 |
Scheme 6 | Atmospherically corrected multispectral surface reflectance (Bands 1–7 and 9) | 300 | 3 |
Reference | Water | Snow-Free Ice | Snow-Covered Ice | Sum | User’s Accuracy (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Classified as | ||||||
Water | 69,739 | 3163 | 187 | 73,089 | 95.42 | |
Snow-free ice | 2908 | 91,374 | 12,015 | 106,297 | 85.96 | |
Snow-covered ice | 192 | 15,083 | 63,666 | 78,941 | 80.65 | |
Sum | 72,839 | 109,620 | 75,868 | 258,327 | ||
Producer’s accuracy (%) | 95.74 | 83.36 | 83.92 | |||
Overall accuracy (%) | 87.01 | |||||
Kappa coefficient | 0.80 |
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Han, H.; Kim, T.; Kim, S. River Ice Mapping from Landsat-8 OLI Top of Atmosphere Reflectance Data by Addressing Atmospheric Influences with Random Forest: A Case Study on the Han River in South Korea. Remote Sens. 2024, 16, 3187. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16173187
Han H, Kim T, Kim S. River Ice Mapping from Landsat-8 OLI Top of Atmosphere Reflectance Data by Addressing Atmospheric Influences with Random Forest: A Case Study on the Han River in South Korea. Remote Sensing. 2024; 16(17):3187. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16173187
Chicago/Turabian StyleHan, Hyangsun, Taewook Kim, and Seohyeon Kim. 2024. "River Ice Mapping from Landsat-8 OLI Top of Atmosphere Reflectance Data by Addressing Atmospheric Influences with Random Forest: A Case Study on the Han River in South Korea" Remote Sensing 16, no. 17: 3187. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16173187