Spatiotemporal Distribution, Sources, and Impact on Atmospheric Oxidation of Reactive Nitrogen Oxides in the North China Plain Agricultural Regions in Summer
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. MAX-DOAS Measurement Setup
2.2. Spectral Analysis
2.3. Vertical Profile Retrievals
2.4. Calculation of Pollutant Growth Percentages during Haze Days Compared to Non-Haze Days
2.5. PSCF Analysis
2.6. Calculation of Conversion Rate from NO2 to HONO
2.7. TUV Model and OH Generation Rate Calculation
2.8. Ancillary Data
3. Results
3.1. Validations of NO2 VCD and AOD Measured by MAX-DOAS
3.2. Measurement Overview
3.3. The Difference of Aerosol, NO2, and HONO Profiles during Non-Haze and Haze Days
3.4. Aerosols and NO2 Potential Sources in Agricultural Regions in Summer
3.5. Heterogeneous Contribution to HONO from NO2 in Agricultural Regions in Summer
3.6. OH Radicals Produced from HONO Photolysis at Different Altitudes
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Data Source | Trace Gases | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
O4 | NO2 | HONO | ||
Wavelength Range (nm) | 338–370 | 338–370 | 335–373 | |
NO2 | 220 K, 298 K, I0-corrected * [54] | √ | √ | √ |
O3 | 223 K, 243 K, I0-corrected * [55] | √ | √ | √ |
O4 | 293 K [56] | √ | √ | √ |
HCHO | 298 K [57] | √ | √ | √ |
H2O | HITEMP [58] | ✕ | ✕ | √ |
BrO | 223 K [59] | √ | √ | √ |
HONO | 296 K [60] | ✕ | ✕ | √ |
Ring | Calculated with QDOAS | √ | √ | √ |
Polynomial degree | Order 5 | Order 5 | Order 5 | |
Intensity offset | Constant | Constant | Constant | |
Wavelength calibration | Based on a high resolution solar reference spectrum (SAO2010 solar spectral) [61] |
Pollutants | Average Extinction Coefficient (km−1) or Concentration (ppb) | Maximum Extinction Coefficient (km−1) or Concentration (ppb) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Surface | Lower Layer | Middle Layer | Upper Layer | Surface | Lower Layer | Middle Layer | Upper Layer | |
Aerosol | 0.358 | 0.370 | 0.342 | 0.161 | 0.722 | 0.929 | 0.629 | 0.357 |
NO2 | 1.659 | 1.926 | 0.150 | 0.040 | 3.958 | 4.353 | 0.554 | 0.049 |
HONO | 0.079 | 0.042 | 0.021 | 0.012 | 0.490 | 0.097 | 0.023 | 0.013 |
Cluster | Traj_Ratio | Aerosol Extinction (km−1) | Cluster | Traj_Ratio | NO2 (ppb) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± S.D. | Mean ± S.D. | |||||
Bottom (50 m) | 1 | 18.71% | 0.262 ± 0.045 | 1 | 22.89% | 1.745 ± 0.262 |
2 | 37.74% | 0.356 ± 0.062 | 2 | 18.21% | 1.898 ± 0.325 | |
3 | 7.24% | 0.429 ± 0.081 | 3 | 31.20% | 1.859 ± 0.258 | |
4 | 36.29% | 0.405 ± 0.068 | 4 | 27.70% | 1.967 ± 0.313 | |
All | 100% | 0.358 ± 0.062 | All | 100% | 1.873 ± 0.281 | |
Lower (200 m) | 1 | 48.23% | 0.419 ± 0.063 | 1 | 41.33% | 2.098 ± 0.304 |
2 | 15.40% | 0.247 ± 0.040 | 2 | 13.76% | 1.527 ± 0.159 | |
3 | 13.08% | 0.172 ± 0.032 | 3 | 19.53% | 2.278 ± 0.302 | |
4 | 23.30% | 0.501 ± 0.102 | 4 | 25.39% | 2.236 ± 0.426 | |
All | 100% | 0.378 ± 0.058 | All | 100% | 2.091 ± 0.307 | |
Middle (600 m) | 1 | 27.11% | 0.190 ± 0.028 | 1 | 30.70% | 0.117 ± 0.020 |
2 | 28.29% | 0.367 ± 0.055 | 2 | 20.75% | 0.192 ± 0.035 | |
3 | 13.35% | 0.263 ± 0.042 | 3 | 36.29% | 0.118 ± 0.017 | |
4 | 31.24% | 0.377 ± 0.062 | 4 | 12.26% | 0.143 ± 0.031 | |
All | 100% | 0.315 ± 0.045 | All | 100% | 0.137 ± 0.026 | |
Upper (1000 m) | 1 | 20.23% | 0.108 ± 0.017 | 1 | 52.41% | 0.040 ± 0.006 |
2 | 22.94% | 0.108 ± 0.016 | 2 | 16.44% | 0.041 ± 0.018 | |
3 | 29.51% | 0.174 ± 0.021 | 3 | 9.22% | 0.042 ± 0.013 | |
4 | 27.32% | 0.129 ± 0.020 | 4 | 21.93% | 0.040 ± 0.021 | |
All | 100% | 0.138 ± 0.019 | All | 100% | 0.040 ± 0.015 |
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Wei, S.; Hong, Q.; Tan, W.; Chen, J.; Li, T.; Wang, X.; Xue, J.; Fang, J.; Liu, C.; Tanvir, A.; et al. Spatiotemporal Distribution, Sources, and Impact on Atmospheric Oxidation of Reactive Nitrogen Oxides in the North China Plain Agricultural Regions in Summer. Remote Sens. 2024, 16, 3192. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16173192
Wei S, Hong Q, Tan W, Chen J, Li T, Wang X, Xue J, Fang J, Liu C, Tanvir A, et al. Spatiotemporal Distribution, Sources, and Impact on Atmospheric Oxidation of Reactive Nitrogen Oxides in the North China Plain Agricultural Regions in Summer. Remote Sensing. 2024; 16(17):3192. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16173192
Chicago/Turabian StyleWei, Shaocong, Qianqian Hong, Wei Tan, Jian Chen, Tianhao Li, Xiaohan Wang, Jingkai Xue, Jiale Fang, Chao Liu, Aimon Tanvir, and et al. 2024. "Spatiotemporal Distribution, Sources, and Impact on Atmospheric Oxidation of Reactive Nitrogen Oxides in the North China Plain Agricultural Regions in Summer" Remote Sensing 16, no. 17: 3192. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16173192