Monitoring Helicoverpa armigera Damage with PRISMA Hyperspectral Imagery: First Experience in Maize and Comparison with Sentinel-2 Imagery
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Maize Field Measurement Methods
2.3. Satellite Imagery Acquisition and Processing
2.4. Data Analysis
2.4.1. Analysis of Variance
2.4.2. Two-Band Vegetation Indices (TBVIs) and the Selected Vegetation Indices
2.4.3. Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR)
2.4.4. Model Performance Evaluation
3. Results
3.1. Cotton Bollworm Larval Damage to Maize Ears
3.2. Cross-Sensor Comparison of Linear Regression of Single Bands with Maize Ear Damage by the CBW
3.3. Assessment of CBW Larval Damage of Maize Ears Using Partial Least Squared Regression
3.4. Assessment of CBW Larval Damage of Maize Ears Using Vegetation Indices
3.4.1. Results Obtained Using Two-Band Vegetation Indices (TBVIs)
Comparison of Selected Vegetation Indices
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Field | Cultivation Purpose | Number of Considered Sampling Zones | Number of Sample Plants | Maize Hybrid | Field Size | Date of Field Observations |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kd | grain maize | 12 | 432 | PR37N01 | 16.8 ha | 30 August 2021 |
Nm5 | grain maize | 9 | 324 | PR37N01 | 9.13 ha | 11 August 2021 |
Nm1 | sweet maize | 7 | 252 | Kiara | 43.8 ha | 11 August 2021 |
Nm2 | sweet maize | 7 | 252 | Kiara | 23.3 ha | 11 August 2021 |
All | 35 | 1260 | 93.03 ha |
Date | Developmental Threshold (°C) | GDD | Life Stage | Field Observation |
---|---|---|---|---|
18 July 2021 | - | 0 | The peak of adult appearance | trap |
24 July 2021 | 11.5 | 59.5 | Hatching from egg | - |
30 July 2021 | 12.5 | 139.2 | Third instar larvae | First satellite image acquisition |
10 August 2021 | 12.5 | 239.1 | Fifth instar larvae | Second satellite image acquisition |
11 August 2021 | 12.5 | 250.9 | Fifth instar larvae | First field sampling |
14 August 2021 | 13.8 | 273.1 | Pupation | - |
30 August 2021 | 13.5 | 381.6 | Pupa | Second field sampling |
PRISMA | Sentinel-2 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
VIS-NIR | SWIR | VIS-NIR | SWIR | |
Sensor type | Hyperspectral | Multispectral | ||
Spectral range | 400–1010 nm | 920–2505 nm | 443–885 nm | 1360–2190 nm |
Bandwidth | ≤12 nm | ≤12 nm | 15–106 nm | 20–175 nm |
Number of spectral bands | 66 | 171 | 4/7/9 * | 0/2/3 * |
Swath width | 30 km | 30 km | 290 km | 290 km |
Spatial resolution | 30 m | 30 m | 10 m/20 m/60 m * | 10 m/20 m/60 m * |
Revisit period | 29 days | Five days | ||
Imagery availability | On-demand | Continuous |
Name | Abbr. | Sentinel-2 | PRISMA | Reference | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normalized Difference Water Index | NDWI | (3) | (6) | [80] | ||
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index | NDVI | (4) | (7) | [81] | ||
Plant Senescence Reflectance Index | PSRI | (5) | (8) | [82] |
Date | Crop | Satellite | N | R2 | RMSE | n |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
30 July 2021 | Grain maize | Sentinel-2 | 1 | 0.11 | 0.077 | 21 |
Synthetized Sentinel | 2 | 0.21 | 0.072 | |||
PRISMA | 1 | 0.16 | 0.075 | |||
Sweet maize | Sentinel-2 | 1 | 0.04 | 0.045 | 14 | |
Synthetized Sentinel | 2 | 0.34 | 0.037 | |||
PRISMA | 1 | 0.27 | 0.039 | |||
10 August 2021 | Grain maize | Sentinel-2 | 1 | 0.02 | 0.081 | 21 |
Synthetized Sentinel | 2 | 0.22 | 0.072 | |||
PRISMA | 3 | 0.55 | 0.055 | |||
Sweet maize | Sentinel-2 | 1 | 0.01 | 0.046 | 14 | |
Synthetized Sentinel | 1 | 0.08 | 0.044 | |||
PRISMA | 1 | 0.15 | 0.042 |
Satellite | Date | Cultiv. Purpose | Calibr. Field | Band A | Band B | Calibration | Test | Test Field | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R2 | p | RMSE | R2 | p | RMSE | |||||||||||
PRISMA | 7.30 | Grain maize | Kd | W571 | W2276 | 0.54 | 0.01 | * | 0.06 | 0.33 | 0.10 | 0.06 | Nm5 | |||
Nm5 | W898 | W909 | 0.83 | 0.00 | * | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.84 | 0.08 | Kd | ||||||
Sweet maize | Nm1 | W866 | W1339 | 0.97 | 0.00 | * | 0.01 | 0.60 | 0.04 | * | 0.02 | Nm2 | ||||
Nm2 | W750 | W1306 | 0.93 | 0.00 | * | 0.01 | 0.17 | 0.36 | 0.04 | Nm1 | ||||||
8.10 | Grain maize | Kd | W571 | W579 | 0.51 | 0.01 | * | 0.06 | 0.11 | 0.39 | 0.06 | Nm5 | ||||
Nm5 | W719 | W1765 | 0.74 | 0.00 | * | 0.03 | 0.14 | 0.23 | 0.08 | Kd | ||||||
Sweet maize | Nm1 | W563 | W605 | 0.93 | 0.00 | * | 0.01 | 0.57 | 0.05 | * | 0.02 | Nm2 | ||||
Nm2 | W546 | W2313 | 0.83 | 0.00 | * | 0.01 | 0.42 | 0.12 | 0.03 | Nm1 | ||||||
Synthetized Sentinel | 7.30 | Grain maize | Kd | SSB12 | SSB05 | 0.30 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.56 | 0.07 | Nm5 | ||||
Nm5 | SSB05 | SSB02 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.06 | 0.18 | 0.17 | 0.08 | Kd | |||||||
Sweet maize | Nm1 | SSB05 | SSB03 | 0.34 | 0.17 | 0.03 | 0.26 | 0.24 | 0.03 | Nm2 | ||||||
Nm2 | SSB05 | SSB03 | 0.51 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.74 | 0.04 | Nm1 | |||||||
8.10 | Grain maize | Kd | SSB04 | SSB02 | 0.32 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.06 | Nm5 | |||||
Nm5 | SSB8A | SSB07 | 0.44 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.16 | 0.20 | 0.08 | Kd | |||||||
Sweet maize | Nm1 | SSB05 | SSB02 | 0.17 | 0.35 | 0.04 | 0.15 | 0.38 | 0.03 | Nm2 | ||||||
Nm2 | SSB11 | SSB07 | 0.37 | 0.15 | 0.03 | 0.11 | 0.47 | 0.04 | Nm1 | |||||||
Sentinel | 7.30 | Grain maize | Kd | B03 | B02 | 0.39 | 0.03 | * | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.95 | 0.07 | Nm5 | |||
Nm5 | B8A | B07 | 0.53 | 0.03 | * | 0.05 | 0.31 | 0.06 | 0.07 | Kd | ||||||
Sweet maize | Nm1 | B03 | B02 | 0.72 | 0.02 | * | 0.02 | 0.54 | 0.06 | 0.02 | Nm2 | |||||
Nm2 | B03 | B02 | 0.54 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.72 | 0.02 | * | 0.02 | Nm1 | ||||||
8.10 | Grain maize | Kd | B11 | B02 | 0.40 | 0.03 | * | 0.06 | 0.46 | 0.04 | * | 0.05 | Nm5 | |||
Nm5 | B04 | B03 | 0.57 | 0.02 | * | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.80 | 0.08 | Kd | ||||||
Sweet maize | Nm1 | B07 | B06 | 0.81 | 0.01 | * | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.83 | 0.04 | Nm2 | |||||
Nm2 | B11 | B05 | 0.27 | 0.23 | 0.03 | 0.35 | 0.16 | 0.03 | Nm1 |
NDVI | NDWI | PSRI | Green–Blue VI | Red-Edge–SWIR | Green–SWIR VI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nm1 | 37.8% | 11,546.5% | 44.0% | 82.8% | 35.3% | 67.7% |
Nm2 | 38.7% | 5113.5% | 47.2% | 81.7% | 42.3% | 103.9% |
Nm5 | 31.4% | 507.0% | 71.1% | 80.2% | 44.2% | 47.9% |
Kd | 28.4% | 2706.3% | 69.4% | 77.6% | 48.2% | 21.7% |
Sweet maize | 38.1% | 9309.9% | 45.1% | 82.4% | 37.7% | 80.3% |
Grain maize | 29.5% | 1936.9% | 70.0% | 78.5% | 46.8% | 30.9% |
MAPE all fields | 35.7% | 7256.9% | 52.1% | 81.3% | 40.2% | 66.5% |
Cultivar | Field | Index | Satellite | R2 | p | Slope | Intercept | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sweet maize | Nm1 | NDVI | PRISMA | 0.01 | 0.87 | 0.17 | −0.03 | |
Sentinel-2 | 0.11 | 0.47 | 1.75 | −0.84 | ||||
NDWI | PRISMA | 0.04 | 0.68 | 0.79 | 0.12 | |||
Sentinel-2 | 0.20 | 0.31 | 1.84 | −0.36 | ||||
PSRI | PRISMA | 0.02 | 0.77 | −0.75 | 0.14 | |||
Sentinel-2 | 0.34 | 0.17 | 13.81 | −0.12 | ||||
Green–Blue VI | PRISMA | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.66 | −0.21 | |||
Sentinel-2 | 0.72 | 0.02 | * | 15.32 | −1.12 | |||
Green–SWIR VI | PRISMA | 0.03 | 0.69 | −0.12 | 0.08 | |||
Sentinel-2 | 0.23 | 0.27 | 3.73 | 0.41 | ||||
Red-edge–SWIR VI | PRISMA | 0.04 | 0.68 | 0.25 | −0.02 | |||
Sentinel-2 | 0.17 | 0.36 | 1.91 | −0.53 | ||||
Nm2 | NDVI | PRISMA | 0.19 | 0.32 | 0.51 | −0.40 | ||
Sentinel-2 | 0.02 | 0.77 | 0.24 | −0.07 | ||||
NDWI | PRISMA | 0.55 | 0.06 | 4.36 | 0.08 | |||
Sentinel-2 | 0.02 | 0.79 | 0.18 | 0.01 | ||||
PSRI | PRISMA | 0.07 | 0.56 | −1.05 | 0.09 | |||
Sentinel-2 | 0.12 | 0.45 | −2.02 | 0.09 | ||||
Green–Blue VI | PRISMA | 0.00 | 0.96 | 0.01 | 0.06 | |||
Sentinel-2 | 0.54 | 0.06 | −8.00 | 0.71 | ||||
Green–SWIR VI | PRISMA | 0.57 | 0.05 | −0.68 | −0.14 | |||
Sentinel-2 | 0.05 | 0.63 | 0.66 | 0.12 | ||||
Red-edge–SWIR VI | PRISMA | 0.35 | 0.16 | 0.75 | −0.33 | |||
Sentinel-2 | 0.05 | 0.61 | 0.33 | −0.05 | ||||
Grain maize | Nm5 | NDVI | PRISMA | 0.00 | 0.86 | 0.17 | 0.42 | |
Sentinel-2 | 0.04 | 0.60 | 1.39 | −0.13 | ||||
NDWI | PRISMA | 0.11 | 0.38 | −2.89 | 0.66 | |||
Sentinel-2 | 0.00 | 0.87 | 0.44 | 0.46 | ||||
PSRI | PRISMA | 0.00 | 0.96 | −0.09 | 0.56 | |||
Sentinel-2 | 0.17 | 0.28 | −7.81 | 0.80 | ||||
Green–Blue VI | PRISMA | 0.11 | 0.39 | 0.70 | 0.27 | |||
Sentinel-2 | 0.00 | 0.95 | −0.60 | 0.59 | ||||
Green–SWIR VI | PRISMA | 0.33 | 0.11 | −1.34 | 0.29 | |||
Sentinel-2 | 0.01 | 0.83 | 1.08 | 0.68 | ||||
Red-edge–SWIR VI | PRISMA | 0.08 | 0.46 | −1.27 | 1.09 | |||
Sentinel-2 | 0.05 | 0.55 | 1.08 | 0.29 | ||||
Kd | NDVI | PRISMA | 0.26 | 0.09 | 0.83 | 0.03 | ||
Sentinel-2 | 0.10 | 0.32 | 1.21 | 0.01 | ||||
NDWI | PRISMA | 0.26 | 0.09 | 7.07 | 0.38 | |||
Sentinel-2 | 0.11 | 0.30 | 1.25 | 0.35 | ||||
PSRI | PRISMA | 0.25 | 0.09 | −1.54 | 0.81 | |||
Sentinel-2 | 0.03 | 0.60 | −1.97 | 0.68 | ||||
Green–Blue VI | PRISMA | 0.40 | 0.03 | * | 2.56 | −0.44 | ||
Sentinel-2 | 0.39 | 0.03 | * | 9.60 | −0.24 | |||
Green–SWIR VI | PRISMA | 0.34 | 0.04 | * | −1.58 | 0.34 | ||
Sentinel-2 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 2.99 | 0.97 | ||||
Red-edge–SWIR VI | PRISMA | 0.20 | 0.15 | 1.20 | 0.02 | |||
Sentinel-2 | 0.08 | 0.36 | 0.93 | 0.36 |
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Sári-Barnácz, F.E.; Zalai, M.; Milics, G.; Tóthné Kun, M.; Mészáros, J.; Árvai, M.; Kiss, J. Monitoring Helicoverpa armigera Damage with PRISMA Hyperspectral Imagery: First Experience in Maize and Comparison with Sentinel-2 Imagery. Remote Sens. 2024, 16, 3235. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16173235
Sári-Barnácz FE, Zalai M, Milics G, Tóthné Kun M, Mészáros J, Árvai M, Kiss J. Monitoring Helicoverpa armigera Damage with PRISMA Hyperspectral Imagery: First Experience in Maize and Comparison with Sentinel-2 Imagery. Remote Sensing. 2024; 16(17):3235. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16173235
Chicago/Turabian StyleSári-Barnácz, Fruzsina Enikő, Mihály Zalai, Gábor Milics, Mariann Tóthné Kun, János Mészáros, Mátyás Árvai, and József Kiss. 2024. "Monitoring Helicoverpa armigera Damage with PRISMA Hyperspectral Imagery: First Experience in Maize and Comparison with Sentinel-2 Imagery" Remote Sensing 16, no. 17: 3235. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16173235