Spatiotemporal Changes of Glaciers in the Yigong Zangbo River Basin over the Period of the 1970s to 2023 and Their Driving Factors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Materials
2.2.1. Remote Sensing Image
2.2.2. Digital Elevation Model (DEM) Data
2.2.3. Meteorological Data
2.3. Methods
2.3.1. Glacier Boundary Interpretation
2.3.2. Calculation of Glacier-Related Attributes
2.3.3. Estimation of Glacier Mass Balance
2.4. Uncertainty Evaluation
2.4.1. Uncertainty in Glacier-Related Attributes
2.4.2. Uncertainty in Glacial Mass Balance
3. Results
3.1. Contemporary Status of Glaciers in the YZRB
3.2. Glacier Changes in the YZRB from 1988 to 2023
3.2.1. Glacier Change at Different Sizes
3.2.2. Glacier Change at Different Orientations
3.3. Glacier Changes at Sub-Basins from 1970s to 2023 in Collaboration with the Existing Glacier Inventory Data
3.4. Glacier Mass Balance Variations in the YZRB from 2000 to 2019
4. Discussion
4.1. Glacier Change Response to Climate
4.2. Local Topography and Glacial Changes
4.3. Physical Properties and Glacier Changes
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Landsat Scene Identifier | Date Acquired | Land Cloud Cover (%) |
---|---|---|
LT51350391988212BKT00 | 30 July 1988 | 35.00 |
LT51350391988228BJC01 | 15 August 1988 | 48.00 |
LT51350391989198BJC00 | 17 July1989 | 78.00 |
LT51360391989173BKT00 | 22 June 1989 | 31.00 |
LT51360391988283BJC00 | 9 October 1988 | 1.00 |
LT51360391989173BKT00 | 22 June 1989 | 31.00 |
LE71350392016265EDC00 | 21 September 2016 | 54.00 |
LE71350392016233EDC00 | 20 August 2016 | 35.00 |
LE71350392016217EDC00 | 4 August 2016 | 47.00 |
LE71350392015294EDC00 | 21 October 2015 | 20.00 |
LE71350392015214EDC00 | 2 August 2015 | 25.00 |
LC81350392016209LGN01 | 27 July 2016 | 27.13 |
LC81350392015206LGN01 | 25 July 2015 | 5.59 |
LC81360392016232LGN01 | 19 August 2016 | 11.94 |
LC81360392015293LGN01 | 20 October 2015 | 3.16 |
LC81360392014290LGN01 | 17 October 2014 | 26.79 |
LE71360392016240EDC00 | 27 August 2016 | 39.00 |
LE71360392015205EDC00 | 24 July 2015 | 28.00 |
LE71360392015221EDC00 | 9 August 2015 | 8.00 |
LE71360392014298EDC00 | 25 October 2014 | 5.00 |
LE71350392022197NPA00 | 16 July 2022 | 13.00 |
LC91350392022201LGN01 | 20 July 2022 | 34.02 |
LC91350392022185LGN01 | 4 July 2022 | 29.23 |
LC81350392022209LGN00 | 28 July 2022 | 30.39 |
LC81350392023244LGN00 | 1 September 2023 | 49.10 |
LE71360392023244NPA00 | 1 September 2023 | 22.00 |
LC91360392023259LGN00 | 16 September 2023 | 39.83 |
LC91360392022224LGN01 | 12 August 2022 | 18.04 |
LC81360392023203LGN00 | 22 July 2023 | 38.98 |
LC81360392022200LGN00 | 19 July 2022 | 35.08 |
LC81360392023235LGN00 | 23 August 2023 | 72.80 |
LC91360392023211LGN00 | 30 July 2023 | 60.74 |
1988–2023 | 1988–2015 | 2015–2023 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Area Shrinkage (km2) | Area Shrinkage Rate (%·a−1) | Area Shrinkage (km2) | Area Shrinkage Rate (%·a−1) | Area Shrinkage (km2) | Area Shrinkage Rate (%·a−1) | |
SUM | 588.35 ± 83.92 | 0.76 ± 0.11 | 468.35 ± 74.84 | 0.78 ± 0.12 | 120.00 ± 46.19 | 0.85 ± 0.33 |
≤0.5 | 159.64 ± 26.69 | 1.53 ± 0.26 | 123.34 ± 11.46 | 1.53 ± 0.14 | 36.30 ± 18.23 | 2.60 ± 0.87 |
0.5–1 | 76.15 ± 15.36 | 0.98 ± 0.20 | 57.29 ± 12.74 | 0.96 ± 0.21 | 18.86 ± 9.47 | 1.43 ± 0.72 |
1–2 | 65.35 ± 13.06 | 0.76 ± 0.15 | 49.69 ± 10.59 | 0.75 ± 0.16 | 15.66 ± 7.27 | 1.00 ± 0.47 |
2–5 | 62.08 ± 9.70 | 0.60 ± 0.09 | 47.54 ± 7.68 | 0.60 ± 0.10 | 14.54 ± 5.73 | 0.74 ± 0.29 |
5–10 | 42.04 ± 5.55 | 0.47 ± 0.06 | 29.65 ± 4.13 | 0.43 ± 0.06 | 12.39 ± 2.91 | 0.69 ± 0.16 |
10–20 | 29.19 ± 1.77 | 0.57 ± 0.03 | 23.70 ± 1.66 | 0.60 ± 0.04 | 5.49 ± 1.03 | 0.56 ± 0.11 |
20–50 | 24.75 ± 1.54 | 0.27 ± 0.02 | 18.15 ± 2.90 | 0.25 ± 0.04 | 6.60 ± 0.64 | 0.33 ± 0.03 |
≥50 | 129.15 ± 1.71 | 0.74 ± 0.01 | 118.99 ± 23.68 | 0.88 ± 0.18 | 10.16 ± 0.91 | 0.35 ± 0.04 |
1970s–2023 | 1970s–1988 | 1988–2015 | 2015–2023 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Area Shrinkage (km2) | Shrinkage Rate (%·a−1) | Area Shrinkage (km2) | Shrinkage Rate (%·a−1) | Area Shrinkage (km2) | Shrinkage Rate (%·a−1) | Area Shrinkage (km2) | Shrinkage Rate (%·a−1) | |
SUM | 947.20 ± 136.36 | 0.76 ± 0.11 | 358.85 ± 78.96 | 1.07 ± 0.24 | 468.35 ± 74.84 | 0.78 ± 0.12 | 120 ± 46.19 | 0.85 ± 0.33 |
Aso Longbu | 50.90 ± 7.11 | 0.82 ± 0.09 | 17.04 ± 4.09 | 1.43 ± 0.34 | 27.30 ± 5.45 | 1.36 ± 0.27 | 6.56 ± 3.56 | 1.74 ± 0.95 |
Xiuda Qu | 39.01 ± 8.12 | 0.56 ± 0.12 | 5.06 ± 3.44 | 0.37 ± 0.25 | 26.96 ± 5.75 | 1.00 ± 0.21 | 6.95 ± 2.93 | 1.19 ± 0.50 |
Jiagong Nongbu | 170.49 ± 31.38 | 0.74 ± 0.14 | 58.91 ± 18.48 | 0.95 ± 0.30 | 85.00 ± 18.89 | 0.75 ± 0.17 | 26.58 ± 11.38 | 0.99 ± 0.42 |
Nidu Zangbu | 130.50 ± 28.39 | 0.77 ± 0.16 | 37.35 ± 15.30 | 0.59 ± 0.24 | 66.24 ± 15.95 | 0.55 ± 0.13 | 26.95 ± 11.44 | 0.88 ± 0.37 |
Niwu Zangbu | 556.30 ± 61.36 | 1.16 ± 0.16 | 240.49 ± 37.65 | 1.30 ± 0.20 | 262.85 ± 28.80 | 0.82 ± 0.09 | 52.96 ± 16.88 | 0.72 ± 0.23 |
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Yuan, S.; Wang, N.; Chang, J.; Zhou, S.; Shi, C.; Zhao, M. Spatiotemporal Changes of Glaciers in the Yigong Zangbo River Basin over the Period of the 1970s to 2023 and Their Driving Factors. Remote Sens. 2024, 16, 3272. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16173272
Yuan S, Wang N, Chang J, Zhou S, Shi C, Zhao M. Spatiotemporal Changes of Glaciers in the Yigong Zangbo River Basin over the Period of the 1970s to 2023 and Their Driving Factors. Remote Sensing. 2024; 16(17):3272. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16173272
Chicago/Turabian StyleYuan, Suo, Ninglian Wang, Jiawen Chang, Sugang Zhou, Chenlie Shi, and Mingjie Zhao. 2024. "Spatiotemporal Changes of Glaciers in the Yigong Zangbo River Basin over the Period of the 1970s to 2023 and Their Driving Factors" Remote Sensing 16, no. 17: 3272. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16173272