A Prototype Network for Remote Sensing Validation in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Framework of the VRPC
3. Core Sites and Preliminary Stations of the VRPC
Station Name | Core Site(Science Network) | Location | Meteorology | Land Cover | Scientific Aims |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Huailai Station | East garden controlled experimental site (RSON) 100 m×100 m | Prov.: Hebei; Long.:115.783; Lat.: 40.349; Ele.: 488 | Precip.: 650; Temp.: 10 | Type: Cropland; LAI: 6.5 | Remote sensing mechanism; scale |
Huailai Station | East garden (RSON) 1.5 km×2 km | Prov.: Hebei; Long.:115.783; Lat.: 40.349; Ele.: 488 | Precip.: 650; Temp.: 10 | Type: Cropland; LAI: 6.5 | Remote sensing mechanism; ecological protection; crop growth simulation model |
Huailai Station | Guanting reservoir (RSON) 2 km×2 km | Prov.: Hebei; Long.: 115.740; Lat.: 40.352; Ele.: 475 | Precip.: 650; Temp.: 9 | Type: Water; LAI: 0 | Ecological protection; water resource utilization |
Jingyuetan Station | Taipingpu controlled experimental site (RSON) 200 m×200 m | Prov.: Jilin; Long.: 125.401; Lat.: 43.998; Ele.: 211 | Precip.: 520; Temp.: 4.4 | Type: Cropland; LAI: 4 | Radiative transfer theory; soil freezing process; scale |
Jingyuetan Station | Dehui corn(RSON) 2 km×2 km | Prov.: Jilin; Long.: 125.360; Lat.: 44.119; Ele.: 207 | Precip.: 604; Temp.: 4.8 | Type: Cropland; LAI: 5 | Validation; water balance; crop simulation growth model |
Hulunber Station | Stipa baicalensis site (CERN) 3 km×3 km | Prov.: Inner Mongolia; Long.: 120.087; Lat.: 49.342; Ele.: 642 | Precip.: 380; Temp.: −1.0 | Type: Temperate meadow steppe; LAI: 2.5 | Validation; grassland ecosystem process model |
Hulunber Station | Cropland site (CERN) 3 km×3 km | Prov.: Inner Mongolia; Long.: 120.034; Lat.: 49.308; Ele.: 638 | Precip.: 380; Temp.: −1.0 | Type: Cropland; LAI: 4 | Validation; crop simulation growth model |
4. Example from the Heihe Station
Experimental Area | Validation Site | Aims, Validation Variables, and Scales | Observation Methods | Basic Information | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Heihe Station Base (100.48°E,38.83°N, 20,000 m2) | Dawuhao controlled experimental site (100 m ×150 m) | Aims: Remote sensing mechanism, scale; Observation variables: Reflectance, emissivity, and brightness temperature measurements with multiple angles and polarizations; Scale: 1 m–30 m | AWS, Track crane ground-based remote sensing platform, WSN | Precip.: 110 mm; temp.: 7.8 °C; LUCC: Cropland; LAI: 5; science network: RSON; Prov.: Gansu; Long.: 100.372; Lat.: 38.856; Ele: 1524. | ||
Babao River Basin (100.1–101.15°E, 37.72–38.32°N, 2452km2) | Babao River Basin (2452 km2) | Aims: Hydrological model driving, validation; Validation variables: Snow depth, rainfall, LST, soil moisture, soil freeze/thaw, radiation, FPAR, and albedo; Scale: 1 km–25 km | AWS (5), SMTMS (5), AR Superstation, and WATERNET1 | Precip.: 270–670 mm; temp.: 1.0 °C; LUCC: Alpine meadow, cold desert, forest, shrub; science network: IMSN, RSON. Prov.: Qinghai; Long.: 100.1–101.15; Lat.: 37.72–38.32; Ele.: 2640–5000 | ||
A’rou freeze/thaw observation site (2 km × 2 km) | Aims: DHM and LSM development, validation, scale; Validation variables: ET, carbon flux, soil moisture, soil freeze/thaw, radiation, LST, LAI, FPAR, and albedo; Scale: 30 m–1 km | AR Superstation, EC, LAS, COMOS, and SoilNET | Precip.: 450 mm; temp.: −0.6 °C; LUCC: Alpine meadow; LAI: 3.5; science network: ChinaFLUX, IMSN, RSON. Prov.: Qinghai; Long.: 100.465; Lat.: 38.044; Ele.: 3033 | |||
Binggou snow observation site (2 km × 2 km) | Aims: SRM and DHM development, validation, scale; Validation variables: ET, carbon flux, snow cover, snow water equivalent, and snow grain size; Scale: 30 m–1 km | AWS, SMTMS, EC, snow pillow, SWS, GMON SWE, snow stakes, and blowing snow | Precip.: 600 mm; temp.: −4.5 °C; LUCC: Cold desert; science network: RSON. Prov.: Qinghai; Long.: 100.239; Lat.: 38.014; Ele.: 4131 | |||
Zhangye Artificial Oasis (100.22–100.55°E, 38.71–38.99°N, 900 km2) | Daman farmland observation site (3 km × 3 km) | Aims: Irrigation optimization, IHEM development, validation, scale; Validation variables: ET, carbon flux, LAI, radiation, LAI, VF, LST, soil moisture, FPAR, albedo, aerosol, and CO2; Scale: 30 m–1 km | DM Superstation, EC, LAS, COMOS, CE318, lysimeter, LAINET (15), and WATERNET2 | Precip.: 100 mm; Temp.: 8.0 °C; LUCC: Cropland; LAI: 5; science network: ChinaFLUX, IMSN, RSON; Prov.: Gansu; Long.: 100.372; Lat.: 38.856; Ele.: 1556. | ||
Huazhaizi desert observation site (3 km × 3 km) | Aims: Ecological protection, sand prevention, water balance, validation; Validation variables: ET, carbon flux LAI, radiation, LAI, LST, soil moisture, FPAR, and albedo; Scale: 30 m–1 km | AWS, EC, and SMTMS | Precip.: 150 mm; Temp.: 9.0 °C; LUCC: Farmland; science network: RSON; Prov.: Gansu; Long.: 100.446; Lat.: 38.975; Ele.: 1460. | |||
Zhangye northern suburb wetland observation site (2 km × 2 km) | Aims: Ecological protection, water balance, integrated model, validation; Validation variables: ET, carbon flux LAI, radiation, LAI, LST, soil moisture, FPAR, and albedo; Scale: 30 m–1 km | AWS, EC, and SMTMS | Precip.: 100 mm; Temp.: 12.1 °C; LUCC: Wetland; LAI: 4; science network: RSON; Prov.: Gansu; Long.: 100.446; Lat.: 38.975; Ele.: 1460. | |||
Ejin Banner Natural Oasis (100.22–100.55°E, 38.71–38.99°N, 8 km2) | Sidaoqiao natural oasis site (4 km × 2 km) | Aims: Ecological protection, IHEM development, validation, scale; Validation variables: ET, carbon flux, LAI, radiation, LAI, LST, FPAR, and albedo; Scale: 30 m–1 km | SDQ Superstation, EC, LAS, and SoilNET | Precip.: 37 mm; Temp.: 8.3 °C; LUCC: Mixed forest and shrubland; LAI: 1.5; science network: RSON; Prov.: Inner Mongolia; Long.: 101.133; Lat.: 41.990; Ele.: 876. |
5. Discussion
5.1. Promotion of Scientific Significances by VRPC
5.2. Comparisons between the VRPC and Existing Networks
5.3. Prospects of the VRPC in Future Years
6. Conclusions
- (1)
- The framework of the VRPC has been established (Figure 1), and it has been operating with the new experimental plan.
- (2)
- Core sites were selected after full consideration of the representation of the underlying surfaces. The available remote sensing products for each site were also selected according to the observation base and land surface types. The VRPC will be constructed in several stages. Four existing stations with improved conditions have been selected for the first stage.
- (3)
- The technical criteria for field site selection and the arrangement of remote sensing product validation need to be determined before construction of the core sites. The validation standards and guidelines of the remote sensing products need to be finished early because they are important to guide collaborative observation efforts in the future.
- (4)
- The operation and management mechanisms of the VRPC need to be discussed by staff at the core sites. Data processing and data sharing after the observation experiment are important activities.
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ma, M.; Che, T.; Li, X.; Xiao, Q.; Zhao, K.; Xin, X. A Prototype Network for Remote Sensing Validation in China. Remote Sens. 2015, 7, 5187-5202. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs70505187
Ma M, Che T, Li X, Xiao Q, Zhao K, Xin X. A Prototype Network for Remote Sensing Validation in China. Remote Sensing. 2015; 7(5):5187-5202. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs70505187
Chicago/Turabian StyleMa, Mingguo, Tao Che, Xin Li, Qing Xiao, Kai Zhao, and Xiaoping Xin. 2015. "A Prototype Network for Remote Sensing Validation in China" Remote Sensing 7, no. 5: 5187-5202. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs70505187