Water Constituents and Water Depth Retrieval from Sentinel-2A—A First Evaluation in an Oligotrophic Lake
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Field Data
2.2. Preprocessing of S2-A Data
2.3. Inverse Modelling with WASI-2D
2.4. Retrieval of Inherent Optical Properties from In Situ Measurements
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Comparison of Atmospheric Correction Approaches
3.2. Optically Deep Water
3.3. Optically Shallow Water
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
aCDOM(440) | absorption of coloured dissolved organic matter at reference wavelength 440 nm |
AOT | aerosol optical thickness |
b*b,SPM(550) | mass-specific backscattering coefficient of SPM at reference wavelength 550 nm |
bb,SPM(λ) | backscattering coefficient of SPM at reference wavelength 550 nm |
CDOM | coloured dissolved organic matter |
Chl-a | chlorophyll-a |
Ed(z,λ) | downwelling spectral irradiance |
gdd | fraction of sun glint per pixel area |
Lu(z,λ) | upwelling spectral radiance |
MAPE | Mean absolute percentage error |
MIP | Modular Inverse Processing System |
NEΔRrsE | Noise-equivalent remote sensing reflectance difference |
S2-A | Sentinel-2A |
r | Pearson’s correlation coefficient |
RMSE | Root Mean Square Error |
(0+, λ) | radiance reflectance above water |
(0+, λ) | radiance reflectance above water derived from FREEDOM measurements |
(0+, λ) | radiance reflectance above water derived from RAMSES measurements |
SPM | suspended particulate matter |
SWIR | shortwave infrared |
VNIR | visible near-infrared |
X² | Chi-Square |
z | sensor depth |
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A | B | C | D | E | F | G | Mean | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shallow Water | Deep Water | |||||||
Measurement time (UTC) | 11:54 | 11:44 | 11:20 | 11:07 | 12:23 | 10:50 | 09:52 | |
MIP (r) | 0.990 | 0.993 | 0.993 | 0.985 | 0.976 | 0.986 | 0.984 | 0.987 |
RMSE (sr−1) | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.002 |
MAPE (%) | 46.8 | 17.7 | 45.0 | 98.9 | 83.6 | 60.8 | 72.4 | 60.7 |
X² (sr−1) | 0.005 | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.021 | 0.016 | 0.007 | 0.010 | 0.009 |
Sen2Cor (r) | 0.953 | 0.953 | 0.940 | 0.846 | 0.757 | 0.795 | 0.838 | 0.869 |
RMSE (sr−1) | 0.002 | 0.005 | 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.003 |
MAPE | 120.1 | 96.5 | 61.6 | 83.9 | 95.4 | 78.6 | 83.8 | 88.6 |
X² (sr−1) | 0.021 | 0.023 | 0.010 | 0.010 | 0.015 | 0.012 | 0.012 | 0.015 |
ACOLITE (r) | 0.979 | 0.980 | 0.978 | 0.960 | 0.853 | 0.953 | 0.953 | 0.951 |
RMSE (sr−1) | 0.003 | 0.006 | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.003 |
MAPE | 131.4 | 110.2 | 67.4 | 76.4 | 97.4 | 73.8 | 77.3 | 90.6 |
X² (sr−1) | 0.026 | 0.032 | 0.011 | 0.010 | 0.017 | 0.011 | 0.011 | 0.017 |
Point | Pixel Size | SPM (g·m−3) | bb,SPM(550) (m−1) | aCDOM(440) (m−1) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
In Situ (Sample) | S2-A_WASI-2D | In Situ (RAMSES) | In Situ (FREEDOM) | S2-A_WASI-2D | In Situ (RAMSES) | S2-A_WASI-2D | ||
F | 10 | 1.9 | 1.44 ± 0.65 | no measurement | 0.015; 0.020 * | 0.0216 ± 0.0098 | 0.436 ± 0.003 | 0.14 ± 0.06 |
20 | 1.72 ± 0.04 | 0.0258 ± 0.0006 | 0.16 ± 0.01 | |||||
60 | 1.71 | 0.0257 | 0.16 | |||||
G | 10 | 0.4 | 1.80 ± 0.04 | 0.021 ± 0.001 | 0.021 * | 0.0270 ± 0.0006 | 0.418 ± 0.003 | 0.17 ± 0.04 |
20 | 1.77 ± 0.03 | 0.0266 ± 0.0005 | 0.16 ± 0.01 | |||||
60 | 1.76 | 0.0264 | 0.16 |
Point | Pixel Size | aCDOM(440) (m−1) In Situ (RAMSES) | aCDOM(440) (m−1) S2-A_WASI-2D | Water Depth (m) In Situ (Measured) | Water Depth (m) S2-A_WASI-2D |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | 10 | 0.46 ± 0.06 | 0.28 ± 0.06 | 1.65 | 1.11 ± 0.07 |
20 | 0.25 ± 0.07 | 1.11 ± 0.08 | |||
B | 10 | 0.73 ± 0.18 | 0.17 ± 0.12 | 0.86 | 0.58 ± 0.07 |
20 | 0.16 ± 0.11 | 0.65 ± 0.09 | |||
C | 10 | 0.52 ± 0.09 | 0.19 ± 0.07 | 2.75 | 1.58 ± 0.18 |
20 | 0.17 ± 0.07 | 1.50 ± 0.16 | |||
D | 10 | 0.49 ± 0.06 | 0.15 ± 0.01 | 3.85 | 1.59 ± 0.05 |
20 | 0.14 ± 0.02 | 1.59 ± 0.04 | |||
E | 10 | no measurements | 0.13 ± 0.03 | 1.59 | 0.92 ± 0.05 |
20 | 0.14 ± 0.03 | 0.96 ± 0.04 |
© 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Dörnhöfer, K.; Göritz, A.; Gege, P.; Pflug, B.; Oppelt, N. Water Constituents and Water Depth Retrieval from Sentinel-2A—A First Evaluation in an Oligotrophic Lake. Remote Sens. 2016, 8, 941. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8110941
Dörnhöfer K, Göritz A, Gege P, Pflug B, Oppelt N. Water Constituents and Water Depth Retrieval from Sentinel-2A—A First Evaluation in an Oligotrophic Lake. Remote Sensing. 2016; 8(11):941. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8110941
Chicago/Turabian StyleDörnhöfer, Katja, Anna Göritz, Peter Gege, Bringfried Pflug, and Natascha Oppelt. 2016. "Water Constituents and Water Depth Retrieval from Sentinel-2A—A First Evaluation in an Oligotrophic Lake" Remote Sensing 8, no. 11: 941. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8110941