Comparative Assessment of Two Vegetation Fractional Cover Estimating Methods and Their Impacts on Modeling Urban Latent Heat Flux Using Landsat Imagery
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area and Data
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Datasets
2.2.1. Remote Sensing Data
2.2.2. Ground Data
2.2.3. Image Pre-Processing
3. Method Description
3.1. Vegetation Coverage Retrieval
3.1.1. NDVI-Derived Method
3.1.2. MESMA-Derived Method
3.2. Urban Heat Flux Retrieval
3.2.1. TSEB Model
3.2.2. PCACA Model
4. Results
4.1. Performance of VFC Estimations
4.2. Performance of Urban Heat Flux Estimations
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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ID | Sites | Latitude/Longitude | Land-Cover Types | Validation Purposes | LANDSAT Date |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
B1 | Kexue Nanli | 39.99 | Built-up areas | ET/LST | 22 September 2009 |
116.38 | |||||
B2 | Olympic Forest Park | 40.02 | Urban park | ET/LST | 22 September 2009 |
116.4 | |||||
B3 | Mi Yun | 40.63 | Orchard | ET/LST | 22 September 2009 |
117.32 | |||||
B4 | Da Xing | 39.62 | Cropland | ET/LST | 22 September 2009 |
116.43 | |||||
B5 | Xiang He | 39.78 | Cropland | ET/LST | 22 September 2009 |
116.95 | |||||
B6 | Ecological Research Center | 40.02 | Built-up areas | LST | 22 September 2009 |
116.34 | |||||
B7 | Institute of Atmospheric Physics | 39.97 | Built-up areas | LST | 22 September 2009 |
116.37 | |||||
B8 | Botanical Teaching Garden | 39.87 | Built-up areas | LST | 22 September 2009 |
116.43 | |||||
BA1 | Shun Yi | 40.20 | Winter wheat | ET/LST | 17 April 2001 |
116.56 | |||||
BA2 | Xiao Tang Shan | 40.16 | Bare soil | ET/LST | 12 April 2002 |
116.43 | |||||
BA3 | Xiao Tang Shan South-1 | 40.17 | Maize | ET/LST | 7 June 2004 |
116.44 | |||||
BA4 | Xiao Tang Shan North-1 | 40.18 | Grassland | ET/LST | 7 June 2004 |
116.44 | |||||
BA5 | Xiao Tang Shan South-2 | 40.17 | Bare soil | ET/LST | 5 June 2005, 22 May 2005 |
116.44 | |||||
BA6 | Xiao Tang Shan North-2 | 40.18 | Grassland | ET/LST | 5 June 2005, 22 May 2005 |
116.44 | |||||
BA7 | Mi Yun | 40.63 117.32 | Orchard, Maize | ET/LST | 27 March 2008, 14 May 2008, 5 June 2010, 21 June 2010 |
BA8 | Da Xing | 39.62 116.43 | Cropland | ET/LST | 14 May 2008, 2 April 2010, 5 June 2010, 21 June 2010 |
Data | Type of Combination | Number of Models | Total |
---|---|---|---|
Landsat TM | one-endmembers | 28 | |
two-endmembers | 313 | 2087 | |
three-endmembers | 1746 |
Land Cover | (m) | / | d (m) |
---|---|---|---|
Water | 0.3 × 10−4 | 0.32 | 0 |
Bare soil | 0.001 | 50 | 0 |
Crop field | 0.12 | 100 | 0.02 |
Lawn | 0.001 | 50 | 0.13 |
Forest | 0.5–1.0 | 1000 | 4 |
Urban areas | 1 | 1000 | 5 |
Error Assessment | NDVI-Derived (%) | MESMA-Derived (%) | |
---|---|---|---|
RMSE | Overall | 7.19 | 5.58 |
Less developed areas | 5.68 | 4.7 | |
Developed areas | 9.65 | 8.35 | |
MAE | Overall | 5.82 | 4.79 |
Less developed areas | 5.32 | 3.91 | |
Developed areas | 8.4 | 7.09 |
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Liu, K.; Su, H.; Li, X. Comparative Assessment of Two Vegetation Fractional Cover Estimating Methods and Their Impacts on Modeling Urban Latent Heat Flux Using Landsat Imagery. Remote Sens. 2017, 9, 455. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9050455
Liu K, Su H, Li X. Comparative Assessment of Two Vegetation Fractional Cover Estimating Methods and Their Impacts on Modeling Urban Latent Heat Flux Using Landsat Imagery. Remote Sensing. 2017; 9(5):455. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9050455
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Kai, Hongbo Su, and Xueke Li. 2017. "Comparative Assessment of Two Vegetation Fractional Cover Estimating Methods and Their Impacts on Modeling Urban Latent Heat Flux Using Landsat Imagery" Remote Sensing 9, no. 5: 455. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9050455