Performance of Waist-To-Height Ratio, Waist Circumference, and Body Mass Index in Discriminating Cardio-Metabolic Risk Factors in a Sample of School-Aged Mexican Children
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Assessments
2.2.1. Anthropometry and Adiposity Indicators Definition
2.2.2. Biochemical Analysis and Cardio-Metabolic Risk Factors
2.2.3. Dietary Intake
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | All | Boys (n = 52) | Girls (n = 73) | p2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 9 (8–10) | 9 (8–10) | 9 (8–10) | 0.564 |
z-BMI (SD) | 1.43 ± 1.19 | 1.52 ± 1.24 | 1.35 ± 1.15 | 0.407 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 73.42 ± 12.79 | 72.95 ± 13.62 | 73.76 ± 12.25 | 0.726 |
Waist-to-height ratio | 0.52 ± 0.07 | 0.52 ± 0.07 | 0.52 ± 0.07 | 0.803 |
Systolic BP (mmHg) | 96.83 ± 8.99 | 97.51 ± 8.88 | 96.35 ±9.10 | 0.481 |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 64.13 ± 6.68 | 64.19 ± 7.80 | 64.09 ± 5.8 | 0.934 |
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 5.05 (4.89–5.22) | 5.05 (4.90–5.22) | 5.05 (4.83–5.22) | 0.534 |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.21 ± 0.68 | 4.24 ± 0.67 | 4.20 ± 0.69 | 0.745 |
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.66 ± 0.64 | 2.65 ± 0.62 | 2.66 ± 0.65 | 0.927 |
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.27 (1.12–1.54) | 1.30 (1.13–1.59) | 1.24 (1.10–1.49) | 0.200 |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.01 (0.74–1.40) | 1.01 (0.69–1.35) | 1.01 (0.79–1.49) | 0.321 |
AI | 1.98 (1.61–2.44) | 1.95 (1.59–2.39) | 2.01 (1.61–2.59) | 0.595 |
AIP | 0.25 ± 0.26 | 0.21 ± 0.26 | 0.28 ± 0.26 | 0.163 |
Energy intake (kcal/day) | 1935 ± 610.2 | 2081 ± 692.6 | 1831 ± 524.4 | 0.030 |
Protein (g/day) | 76.95 ± 26.07 | 78.44 ± 28.5 | 75.88 ± 24.31 | 0.590 |
Total fat (g/day) | 62.9 (48.1–82.5) | 63.13 (49.81–105.93) | 62.9 (47.5–81.0) | 0.256 |
Saturated fat (g/day) | 23.8 (15.3–30.18) | 25.58 (15.9–31.8) | 22.5 (14.7–29.8) | 0.348 |
Carbohydrates (g/day) | 236.9 (186–319) | 260.14 (191–346) | 231.61 (181–294) | 0.564 |
Cardio-Metabolic Risk Marker | WHtR ≥ 0.5 n (%) | WC ≥ 90 Percentile n (%) | BMI z-Score > 1 SD n (%) |
---|---|---|---|
LDL-c ≥ 3.4 mmol/L (n = 12) | 12 (100) | 7 (58.3) | 11 (91.6) |
HDL-c < 1 mmol/L (n = 15) | 14 (93.3) | 10 (66.6) | 14 (93.3) |
TGs ≥1.1 mmol/L (0–9 years) or ≥ 1.5 mmol/L (10–19 years) (n = 40) | 37 (92.5) | 22 (55) | 34 (85) |
FPG ≥ 5.6 mmol/L (n = 6) | 3 (50) | 3 (50) | 3 (50) |
TC ≥ 5.2 mmol/L (n = 11) | 10 (90.9) | 5 (45.45) | 9 (81.8) |
AIP > 0.11 (n = 92) | 70 (76) | 44 (47.8) | 71 (77.1) |
AI > 3 for women and > 2.5 for men (n = 27) | 26 (96.2) | 17 (62.9) | 25 (92.6) |
Cardio-Metabolic Risk Marker | WHtR | WC | z-BMI | |
---|---|---|---|---|
AURC (95% CI) p Value | AURC (95% CI) p Value | AURC (95% CI) p Value | p * | |
LDL-c ≥ 3.4 mmol/L | 0.742 (0.63, 0.86) 0.006 | 0.685 (0.54, 0.83) 0.035 | 0.687 (0.55, 0.82) 0.034 | 0.1511 |
HDL-c < 1 mmol/L | 0.733 (0.60, 0.87) 0.004 | 0.719 (0.59, 0.85) 0.006 | 0.704 (0.57, 0.83) 0.011 | 0.8124 |
TGs ≥ 1.1 mmol/L (0–9 years) or ≥1.5 mmol/L (10–19 years) | 0.734 (0.65, 0.82) 0.000 | 0.690 (0.59, 0.79) 0.001 | 0.730 (0.64, 0.82) 0.000 | 0.2382 |
FPG ≥ 5.6 mmol/L | 0.507 (0.21, 0.80) 0.954 | 0.627 (0.32, 0.93) 0.293 | 0.574 (0.29, 0.86) 0.544 | 0.003 |
TC ≥ 5.2 mmol/L | 0.689 (0.55, 0.83) 0.039 | 0.630 (0.47, 0.80) 0.155 | 0.655 (0.50, 0.81) 0.090 | 0.3034 |
AIP > 0.11 | 0.811 (0.73, 0.89) 0.000 | 0.825 (0.75, 0.90) 0.000 | 0.831 (0.75, 0.91) 0.000 | 0.7050 |
AI > 3 for women and >2.5 for men | 0.699 (0.46, 0.94) 0.335 | 0.681 (0.56, 0.80) 0.381 | 0.652 (0.39, 0.92) 0.461 | 0.2392 |
Cardio-Metabolic Risk Marker | WHtR (Per Increase of 0.1 Units) * | WC (cm) * | z-BMI (SD) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | 95% CI | Standardized β | p | β | 95% CI | Standardized β | p | β | 95% CI | Standardized β | p | |
LDL-c (mmol/L) Unadjusted model | 0.27 | 0.12, 0.41 | 0.31 | 0.000 | 0.01 | 0.00, 0.02 | 0.24 | 0.007 | 0.13 | 0.03, 0.21 | 0.24 | 0.008 |
Adjusted model 1 | 0.24 | 0.09, 0.38 | 0.28 | 0.002 | 0.01 | 0.00, 0.02 | 0.29 | 0.005 | 0.12 | 0.02, 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.015 |
HDL-c (mmol/L) Unadjusted model | −0.21 | −0.27, −0.14 | −0.49 | 0.000 | −0.01 | −0.02, −0.01 | −0.53 | 0.000 | −0.12 | −0.16, −0.08 | −0.45 | 0.000 |
Adjusted model 2 | −0.21 | −0.27, −0.14 | −0.49 | 0.000 | −0.01 | −0.02, −0.01 | −0.56 | 0.000 | −0.12 | −0.17, −0.08 | −0.47 | 0.000 |
TGs (mmol/L) Unadjusted model | 0.34 | 0.23, 0.46 | 0.47 | 0.000 | 0.02 | 0.02, 0.03 | 0.54 | 0.000 | 0.20 | 0.13, 0.27 | 0.45 | 0.000 |
Adjusted model 2 | 0.34 | 0.22, 0.45 | 0.47 | 0.000 | 0.02 | 0.02, 0.03 | 0.55 | 0.000 | 0.21 | 0.14, 0.29 | 0.48 | 0.000 |
TC (mmol/L) Unadjusted model | 0.13 | −0.03, 0.29 | 0.14 | 0.108 | 0.00 | −0.01, 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.424 | 0.06 | −0.05, 0.16 | 0.10 | 0.277 |
Adjusted model 1 | 0.10 | −0.06, 0.27 | 0.11 | 0.217 | 0.01 | −0.01, 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.299 | 0.05 | −0.06, 0.15 | 0.08 | 0.386 |
FPG (mmol/L) Unadjusted model | 0.03 | −0.04, 0.10 | 0.07 | 0.421 | 0.00 | −0.00, 0.01 | 0.15 | 0.089 | 0.03 | −0.02, 0.07 | 0.11 | 0.237 |
Adjusted model 3 | 0.02 | −0.06, 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.597 | 0.00 | −0.00, 0.01 | 0.14 | 0.119 | 0.02 | −0.02, 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.328 |
AIP Unadjusted model | 0.20 | 0.14, 0.25 | 0.54 | 0.000 | 0.01 | 0.01, 0.016 | 0.62 | 0.000 | 0.12 | 0.08, 0.15 | 0.52 | 0.000 |
Adjusted model 4 | 0.20 | 0.14, 0.25 | 0.55 | 0.000 | 0.01 | 0.01, 0.016 | 0.63 | 0.000 | 0.12 | 0.09, 0.16 | 0.55 | 0.000 |
AI Unadjusted model | 0.47 | 0.33, 0.63 | 0.49 | 0.000 | 0.03 | 0.02, 0.036 | 0.47 | 0.000 | 0.25 | 0.15, 0.35 | 0.41 | 0.000 |
Adjusted model 4 | 0.48 | 0.33, 0.64 | 0.50 | 0.000 | 0.03 | 0.02, 0.035 | 0.46 | 0.000 | 0.26 | 0.16, 0.36 | 0.43 | 0.000 |
Cardio-Metabolic Risk Marker | WHtR ≥ 0.5 * | WC ≥ 90 Percentile | BMI z-Score > 1 SD | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | |
LDL-c ≥ 3.4 mmol/L Unadjusted model | 2.91 ¥ | 0.84, 7.78 | 0.002 | 3.12 | 0.93, 10.51 | 0.066 | 7.01 | 0.86, 56.25 | 0.067 |
Adjusted model 1 | 2.82 ¥ | 0.75, 7.68 | 0.003 | 3.39 | 0.97, 11.81 | 0.055 | 6.47 | 0.79, 52.83 | 0.081 |
HDL-c < 1 mmol/L Unadjusted model | 11.02 | 1.41, 86.34 | 0.022 | 4.88 | 1.54, 15.39 | 0.007 | 9.33 | 1.18, 73.54 | 0.034 |
Adjusted model 2 | 11.05 | 1.36, 89.77 | 0.025 | 5.20 | 1.60, 16.90 | 0.006 | 11.06 | 1.37, 89.43 | 0.024 |
TGs ≥ 1.1 mmol/L for 0–9 years and ≥ 1.5 mmol/L for 10–19 years Unadjusted model | 13.90 | 3.99, 48.49 | 0.000 | 3.97 | 1.79, 8.84 | 0.001 | 4.80 | 1.83, 12.64 | 0.001 |
Adjusted model 2 | 17.36 | 4.65, 64.77 | 0.000 | 4.44 | 1.93, 10.23 | 0.000 | 5.32 | 1.94, 14.58 | 0.001 |
TC ≥ 5.2 mmol/L Unadjusted model | 7.60 | 0.95, 60.89 | 0.056 | 2.60 | 0.74, 9.08 | 0.134 | 2.73 | 0.56, 13.21 | 0.213 |
Adjusted model 1 | 6.83 | 0.82, 56.89 | 0.076 | 2.67 | 0.76, 9.41 | 0.126 | 2.54 | 0.51, 12.55 | 0.253 |
FPG ≥ 5.6 mmol/L Unadjusted model | 0.59 | 0.12, 3.06 | 0.532 | 2.05 | 0.40, 10.63 | 0.392 | 0.55 | 0.11, 2.82 | 0.470 |
Adjusted model 3 | 0.52 | 0.09, 3.00 | 0.464 | 2.07 | 0.40, 10.77 | 0.388 | 0.47 | 0.09, 2.57 | 0.383 |
AIP ≥ 0.11 Unadjusted model | 12.16 | 4.65, 31.79 | 0.000 | 4.00 ¥ | 2.00, 8.85 | 0.000 | 9.02 | 3.64, 22.35 | 0.000 |
Adjusted model 4 | 14.16 | 4.86, 41.25 | 0.000 | 4.16 ¥ | 2.14, 9.02 | 0.000 | 10.22 | 3.85, 27.11 | 0.000 |
AI > 3 for women and < 2.5 for men Unadjusted model | 11.06 | 2.48, 49.26 | 0.002 | 4.96 | 2.00, 12.25 | 0.001 | 9.77 | 2.19, 43.56 | 0.003 |
Adjusted model 4 | 12.39 | 2.71, 56.65 | 0.001 | 5.11 | 2.02, 12.94 | 0.001 | 10.78 | 2.33, 49.78 | 0.002 |
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Aguilar-Morales, I.; Colin-Ramirez, E.; Rivera-Mancía, S.; Vallejo, M.; Vázquez-Antona, C. Performance of Waist-To-Height Ratio, Waist Circumference, and Body Mass Index in Discriminating Cardio-Metabolic Risk Factors in a Sample of School-Aged Mexican Children. Nutrients 2018, 10, 1850. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10121850
Aguilar-Morales I, Colin-Ramirez E, Rivera-Mancía S, Vallejo M, Vázquez-Antona C. Performance of Waist-To-Height Ratio, Waist Circumference, and Body Mass Index in Discriminating Cardio-Metabolic Risk Factors in a Sample of School-Aged Mexican Children. Nutrients. 2018; 10(12):1850. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10121850
Chicago/Turabian StyleAguilar-Morales, Ibiza, Eloisa Colin-Ramirez, Susana Rivera-Mancía, Maite Vallejo, and Clara Vázquez-Antona. 2018. "Performance of Waist-To-Height Ratio, Waist Circumference, and Body Mass Index in Discriminating Cardio-Metabolic Risk Factors in a Sample of School-Aged Mexican Children" Nutrients 10, no. 12: 1850. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10121850
APA StyleAguilar-Morales, I., Colin-Ramirez, E., Rivera-Mancía, S., Vallejo, M., & Vázquez-Antona, C. (2018). Performance of Waist-To-Height Ratio, Waist Circumference, and Body Mass Index in Discriminating Cardio-Metabolic Risk Factors in a Sample of School-Aged Mexican Children. Nutrients, 10(12), 1850. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10121850