Protein Intake and Distribution in Relation to Physical Functioning and Quality of Life in Community-Dwelling Elderly People: Acknowledging the Role of Physical Activity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Study Design
2.3. Measurements
2.3.1. Protein Intake
2.3.2. Evaluation of Underreporting Energy Intake
2.3.3. Physical Activity
2.3.4. Muscle Strength
2.3.5. Physical Functioning
2.3.6. Quality of Life
2.3.7. Background Characteristics
2.3.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Characteristics
3.2. Total Protein Intake
3.3. Protein Intake Distribution
3.4. Effect of Concurrent Physical Activity and Total Protein Intake
4. Discussion
4.1. Total Protein Intake
4.2. Protein Intake Distribution
4.3. Concurrent Effect of Physical Activity and Total Protein Intake
4.4. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Total Population | LPI <1.0 g/kg/day | HPI ≥1.0 g/kg/day | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
n = 140 | n = 60 | n = 80 | ||
Age, year | 83 (77–84) | 83 (77–84) | 83 (77–84) | 0.98 2 |
Male, n (%) | 90 (64) | 38 (63) | 52 (65) | 0.84 1 |
Current smokers, n (%) | 2 (1.4) | 1 (2) | 1 (1) | 1.00 3 |
Level of education | ||||
Low, n (%) | 14 (10.5) | 6 (10) | 8 (11) | |
Intermediate, n (%) | 78 (58.6) | 36 (61) | 42 (57) | 0.88 1 |
High/academic, n (%) | 41 (30.8) | 17 (29) | 24 (32) | |
Body composition | ||||
Weight, kg | ||||
Male | 76.9 ± 9.4 | 79.5 ± 9.2 | 75.0 ± 9.3 | 0.025 |
Female | 69.0 ± 12.6 | 74.8 ± 14.0 | 64.5 ± 9.4 | 0.003 |
BMI, kg/m2 | ||||
Male | 25.9 ± 2.7 | 26.4 ± 2.8 | 25.5 ± 2.6 | 0.12 |
Female | 26.4 ± 4.7 | 29.0 ± 5.1 | 24.4 ± 3.3 | <0.001 |
Dietary intake | ||||
Energy, kcal | ||||
Male | 2040 ± 370 | 1842 ± 336 | 2185 ± 325 | <0.001 |
Female | 1754 ± 396 | 1558 ± 344 | 1908 ± 369 | 0.001 |
Carbohydrate intake, en% | 43.0 ± 6.0 | 43.0 ± 5.8 | 42.9 ± 6.2 | 0.91 |
Fat intake, en% | 34.5 ± 5.6 | 34.8 ± 6.0 | 34.2 ± 5.4 | 0.61 |
Total protein intake, en% | 16.4 ± 3.0 | 15.1 ± 2.3 | 17.4 ± 3.1 | <0.001 |
Total protein intake, g | 78.9 ± 18.9 | 64.7 ± 12.6 | 89.5 ± 15.6 | <0.001 |
Total protein intake, g/kg/day | 1.08 ± 0.29 | 0.84 ± 0.13 | 1.27 ± 0.23 | <0.001 |
Animal-based protein, % | 61.8 ± 9.2 | 59.5 ± 8.6 | 63.6 ± 9.3 | 0.009 |
Vitamin D supplementation, n (%) | 30 (21) | 13 (22) | 17 (21) | 0.73 1 |
Goldberg-score | ||||
EI/BMR | 1.34 ± 0.28 | 1.17 ± 0.21 | 1.47 ± 0.25 | <0.001 |
Underreporting, n (%) | 5 (4) | 5 (8) | 0 (0) | |
Within confidence limits, n (%) | 135 (96) | 55 (92) | 80 (100) | 0.013 3 |
Overreporting, n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Physical activity | ||||
Total activity, METhr/day | 8.4 (5.1–13.7) | 8.4 (5.6–12.6) | 8.5 (5.0–14.5) | 0.93 2 |
Sports, METhr/day | 0.4 (0.0–1.6) | 0.4 (0.0–1.6) | 0.4 (0.0–1.6) | 0.93 2 |
Household activities, METhr/day | 2.5 (0.7–5.0) | 2.4 (0.4–6.2) | 2.6 (1.3–4.5) | 0.69 2 |
Leisure time, METhr/day | 3.9 (1.8–7.3) | 4.2 (1.7–7.3) | 3.5 (1.8–7.4) | 0.85 2 |
Muscle parameters | ||||
Grip strength, kg | 32 ± 10 | 33 ± 10 | 32 ± 10 | 0.42 |
SPPB total score, pt | 10 (9–11) | 10 (9–11) | 10.5 (9–11.3) | 0.15 2 |
SPPB balance score, pt | 4 (3–4) | 4 (3–4) | 4 (3–4) | 0.60 2 |
SPPB gait speed, s | 4.0 ± 1.0 | 4.0 ± 1.0 | 4.0 ± 1.0 | 0.76 |
SPPB chair rise ability time, s | 13.4 ± 4.5 | 13.5 ± 3.8 | 13.4 ± 5.0 | 0.85 |
Quality of Life | ||||
QALY | 0.96 (0.86–1.00) | 0.92 (0.86–1.00) | 1.00 (0.86–1.00) | 0.77 2 |
Health score | 90 (80–95) | 85 (80–94) | 90 (80–95) | 0.21 2 |
Variables | SPPB Total Score | Gait Speed | Chair Rise | Handgrip Strength | QALY ‡ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total protein intake (g/kg/day) | 0.28 | 0.23 | −1.78 | 0.76 | −7.15 |
(−0.89–1.45) | (−0.41–0.87) | (−5.10–1.43) | (−4.48–6.00) | (−17.59–3.29) | |
Protein distribution | |||||
Spread (CV < 0.43) | 0.62 | −0.42 | −1.46 | 2.36 | −0.11 |
(−0.09–1.33) | (−0.80–−0.03) | (−3.41–0.49) | (−0.80–5.52) | (−4.15–3.94) | |
Intermediate (CV 0.43–0.62) (REF) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Pulse (CV > 0.62) | 0.17 | −0.18 | −0.99 | 1.73 | 0.07 |
(−0.54–0.87) | (−0.56–0.21) | (−2.93–0.94) | (−1.40–4.86) | (−3.92–4.06) | |
Physical activity (METhr/day) | 0.06 | −0.02 | −0.07 | −0.02 | 0.48 |
(0.02–0.10) | (−0.05–−0.00) | (−0.19–0.05) | (−0.21–0.18) | (−1.27–0.30) | |
Physical activity * total protein intake | n.s. § | n.s. § | n.s. § | n.s. § | 0.71 |
(0.00–1.41) | |||||
Animal-based protein (%) | 0.02 | −0.01 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.00 |
(−0.01–0.06) | (−0.03–0.01) | (−0.07–0.12) | (−0.09–0.22) | (−0.20–0.19) |
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Ten Haaf, D.S.M.; Van Dongen, E.J.I.; Nuijten, M.A.H.; Eijsvogels, T.M.H.; De Groot, L.C.P.G.M.; Hopman, M.T.E. Protein Intake and Distribution in Relation to Physical Functioning and Quality of Life in Community-Dwelling Elderly People: Acknowledging the Role of Physical Activity. Nutrients 2018, 10, 506. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040506
Ten Haaf DSM, Van Dongen EJI, Nuijten MAH, Eijsvogels TMH, De Groot LCPGM, Hopman MTE. Protein Intake and Distribution in Relation to Physical Functioning and Quality of Life in Community-Dwelling Elderly People: Acknowledging the Role of Physical Activity. Nutrients. 2018; 10(4):506. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040506
Chicago/Turabian StyleTen Haaf, Dominique S. M., Ellen J. I. Van Dongen, Malou A. H. Nuijten, Thijs M. H. Eijsvogels, Lisette C. P. G. M. De Groot, and Maria T. E. Hopman. 2018. "Protein Intake and Distribution in Relation to Physical Functioning and Quality of Life in Community-Dwelling Elderly People: Acknowledging the Role of Physical Activity" Nutrients 10, no. 4: 506. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040506