A Case-Control Study of the Association between Vitamin D Levels and Gastric Incomplete Intestinal Metaplasia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Design
3. Results
3.1. Demographic Information
3.2. Analysis of Vitamin D Status in Intestinal Metaplasia
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Intestinal Metaplasia (Cases) | No Intestinal Metaplasia (Controls) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Number of subjects (N) | 103 | 216 | |
Age (years) | 59.4 ± 11.6 | 56.9 ± 13.6 | NS 1 |
<60 years old | 49.5% (51) | 61.1% (132) | |
>60 years old | 50.5% (52) | 38.9% (84) | |
Gender | 0.01 | ||
Male | 50.5% (52) | 32.4% (70) | |
Female | 49.5% (51) | 67.5% (146) | |
Ethnicity | NS | ||
Hispanic | 68% (70) | 64.8% (140) | |
African American | 23.3% (24) | 19.0% (41) | |
Caucasian | 4.9% (5) | 13.0% (28) | |
Asian | 3.9% (4) | 3.2% (7) | |
Body mass index (BMI; kg/m2) | NS | ||
Underweight | 3.9% (4) | 1.9% (4) | |
Normal | 24.3% (25) | 24.1% (52) | |
Overweight | 35.9% (37) | 34.7% (75) | |
Obese (total) | 35.9% (37) | 39.3% (85) | |
Obesity Class I | 24.3% (25) | 20.4% (44) | |
Obesity Class II | 10.7% (11) | 12% (26) | |
Obesity Class III | 1% (1) | 6.9% (15) | |
History of Diabetes Mellitus | NS | ||
Without Diabetes Mellitus | 87.4% (90) | 91.7% (198) | |
With Diabetes Mellitus | 12.6% (13) | 8.3% (18) | |
History of hypertension | <0.001 | ||
Without Hypertension | 96.1% (99) | 81.9% (177) | |
With hypertension | 3.9% (4) | 18.1% (39) | |
Season of vitamin D measurement | 0.01 | ||
Fall-Winter | 24.3% (25) | 38.4% (86) | |
Spring-Summer | 75.7% (78) | 61.6% (133) |
Vitamin D Status | Intestinal Metaplasia (Cases) | No Intestinal Metaplasia (Controls) |
---|---|---|
Normal vitamin D level (30–100 ng/dL) | 2.2% (7) | 52.0% (166) |
Hypovitaminosis D (<30 ng/dL) | 97.8% (96) | 48.0% (50) |
Vitamin D insufficiency (VDi) (20–30 ng/dL) | 43.8% (42) | 78% (39) |
Vitamin D deficiency (VDd) (<20 ng/dL) | 56.3% (54) | 22% (11) |
Odds ratio (95% CI) | p-value | |
Normal vitamin D levels | ||
versus | ||
VDd and VDi | 54.1 (21.8–134.3) | <0.001 |
VDd | 129.0 (43.7–381.2) | <0.001 |
VDi | 31.0 (11.9–80.3) | <0.001 |
VDd versus Vdi | 4.0 (1.7–9.6) | <0.001 |
Intestinal Metaplasia (Cases) | No Intestinal Metaplasia (Controls) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Overall vitamin D level (ng/dL) | 19.7 ± 6.3 | 34.7 ± 10.0 | <0.001 |
Variables | |||
Age | |||
<60 years old | 19.8 ± 6.5 | 35.2 ± 11.2 | <0.001 |
>60 years old | 19.7 ± 6.3 | 34.0 ± 8.0 | <0.001 |
Gender | |||
Male | 20.4 ± 7.0 | 34.4 ± 10.4 | <0.001 |
Female | 19.9 ± 6.6 | 34.8 ± 9.9 | <0.001 |
BMI class | |||
Underweight | 24.3 ± 2.6 | 42.0 ± 22.2 | 0.25 |
Normal | 19.4 ± 6.5 | 34.5 ± 9.6 | <0.001 |
Overweight | 19.7 ± 7.9 | 35.7 ± 10.8 | <0.001 |
Obese (pooled) | 20.4 ± 6.1 | 33.5 ± 8.8 | <0.001 |
Obesity class I | 21.1 ± 6.1 | 33.9 ± 8.9 | <0.001 |
Obesity class II | 19.6 ± 6.4 | 33.1 ± 9.5 | 0.03 |
Obesity class III | 20.5 * | 33.2 ± 7.4 | N/A * |
Ethnicity | |||
Hispanic | 19.3 ± 6.1 | 34.4 ± 10.8 | <0.001 |
African American | 21.5 ± 6.6 | 34.6 ± 8.1 | <0.001 |
Caucasian | 20.9 ± 7.8 | 36.2 ± 9.5 | <0.001 |
Asian | 14.05 ± 3.8 | 35.2 ± 4.6 | <0.001 |
Blood pressure | |||
Normotensive patients | 19.6 ± 6.8 | 34.8 ± 10.1 | <0.001 |
Hypertensive patients | 23.6 ± 6.3 | 34.4 ± 10.0 | <0.001 |
History of diabetes mellitus | |||
Without diabetes mellitus | 19.5 ± 6.3 | 34.4 ± 9.1 | <0.001 |
With diabetes mellitus | 25.7 ± 5.0 | 38.4 ± 17.33 | NS |
Timing of Vitamin D Collection | |||
Fall-Winter | 22.0 ± 7.3 | 34.1 ± 9.9 | <0.001 |
Spring-Summer | 19.6 ± 6.6 | 35.0 ± 10.1 | <0.001 |
Variable | B | Standard Error | Wald Statistic | p-Value | OR, 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hypovitaminosis D | 4.0 | 0.46 | 73.9 | <0.001 | 54.1 (21.8–134.3) |
Age | 0.004 | 0.01 | 0.10 | 0.76 | 1.00 (0.98–1.03) |
Ethnicity | −19.24 | 2 × 104 | 3.89 | 0.27 | 0.000 |
Gender | −1.00 | 0.37 | 7.03 | 0.008 | 0.37 (0.18–0.77) |
BMI | −0.06 | 0.14 | 0.17 | 0.68 | 0.95 (0.72–1.23) |
Diabetes mellitus | −1.30 | 0.84 | 2.42 | 0.12 | 1.40 (0.05–1.40) |
Hypertension | 0.22 | 0.51 | 0.18 | 0.67 | 1.24 (0.46–3.35) |
Timing of vitamin D collection | 0.69 | 0.38 | 3.23 | 0.07 | 1.99 (0.94–4.23) |
Constant | −2.92 | 1.73 | 2.86 | 0.1 | 0.05 |
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Singh, K.; Gandhi, S.; Batool, R. A Case-Control Study of the Association between Vitamin D Levels and Gastric Incomplete Intestinal Metaplasia. Nutrients 2018, 10, 629. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10050629
Singh K, Gandhi S, Batool R. A Case-Control Study of the Association between Vitamin D Levels and Gastric Incomplete Intestinal Metaplasia. Nutrients. 2018; 10(5):629. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10050629
Chicago/Turabian StyleSingh, Kevin, Soren Gandhi, and Raffat Batool. 2018. "A Case-Control Study of the Association between Vitamin D Levels and Gastric Incomplete Intestinal Metaplasia" Nutrients 10, no. 5: 629. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10050629