The Acute and Chronic Cognitive and Cerebral Blood Flow Effects of a Sideritis scardica (Greek Mountain Tea) Extract: A Double Blind, Randomized, Placebo Controlled, Parallel Groups Study in Healthy Humans
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Treatments
- Placebo (coloured maltodextrin Ph. Eur.)
- 475 mg Sideritis scardica extract
- 950 mg Sideritis scardica extract
- 240 mg Ginkgo biloba extract Ph. Eur. (representing an active control)
2.3. Cognitive and Mood and Blood Pressure (BP) Assessment
3. Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) Analysis
3.1. Procedure
3.2. Statistics
3.2.1. Cognitive, Mood (Bond-Lader) and Blood Pressure Assessment
3.2.2. Mood (State Trait Anxiety Inventory)
3.2.3. Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) Assessment
4. Results
4.1. Compliance and Treatment Guess
4.2. Cognitive and Mood Assessment
4.2.1. Cognitive Performance
4.2.2. Picture Recognition Accuracy
4.2.3. Rapid Visual Information Processing (RVIP) False Alarms (FA)
4.2.4. Speed of Attention
4.2.5. Mood–Bond–Lader Visual Analogue Scales (VAS)
4.2.6. Mood—State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)
4.3. Blood Pressure (BP)
4.4. Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS)
4.4.1. Oxygen Saturation (Ox%)
4.4.2. Total Haemoglobin (THb)
4.4.3. Oxygenated Haemoglobin (HbO)
4.4.4. Deoxygenated Haemoglobin (Hb)
5. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Measure | ANOVAs | Post-Hoc Comparisons | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Pure Chronic ANOVA | 2. Acute Effects within Day 1 and Day 28 ANOVA | ||||||||
Effect | F | P | Effect | F | P | Treatment Comparisons | P | Effect Size | |
Picture Recognition Accuracy (% correct) | D | 2.60 | 0.11 | R | 11.66 | <0.001 * | G V 950 mg Rep 1 G V 950 mg Rep 2 G V 950 mg Rep 5 | 0.02 0.03 0.01 | 0.68 0.61 0.79 |
D*T | 0.94 | 0.42 | R*T | 1.84 | 0.04 * | ||||
Rapid Visual Information Processing False Alarms (number) | D | 2.41 | 0.12 | R | 3.01 | 0.03 * | P V 950 mg Rep 4 | 0.02 | 0.66 |
D*T | 2.16 | 0.10 | R*T | 2.08 | 0.03 * | ||||
Speed of Attention (milliseconds) | D | 31.10 | <0.001 * | R | 2.47 | 0.05 t | G V 475 mg Rep 1 G V 950 mg Rep 1 G V 475 mg Rep 2 G V 950 mg Rep 2 G V 475 mg Rep 5 G V 950 mg Rep 5 | 0.01 0.05 t 0.09 t 0.02 0.02 0.01 | 0.66 0.54 0.51 0.63 0.59 0.74 |
D*T | 0.51 | 0.68 | R*T | 1.65 | 0.09 t |
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Wightman, E.L.; Jackson, P.A.; Khan, J.; Forster, J.; Heiner, F.; Feistel, B.; Suarez, C.G.; Pischel, I.; Kennedy, D.O. The Acute and Chronic Cognitive and Cerebral Blood Flow Effects of a Sideritis scardica (Greek Mountain Tea) Extract: A Double Blind, Randomized, Placebo Controlled, Parallel Groups Study in Healthy Humans. Nutrients 2018, 10, 955. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10080955
Wightman EL, Jackson PA, Khan J, Forster J, Heiner F, Feistel B, Suarez CG, Pischel I, Kennedy DO. The Acute and Chronic Cognitive and Cerebral Blood Flow Effects of a Sideritis scardica (Greek Mountain Tea) Extract: A Double Blind, Randomized, Placebo Controlled, Parallel Groups Study in Healthy Humans. Nutrients. 2018; 10(8):955. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10080955
Chicago/Turabian StyleWightman, Emma L., Philippa A. Jackson, Julie Khan, Joanne Forster, Felix Heiner, Bjoern Feistel, Cynthia G. Suarez, Ivo Pischel, and David O. Kennedy. 2018. "The Acute and Chronic Cognitive and Cerebral Blood Flow Effects of a Sideritis scardica (Greek Mountain Tea) Extract: A Double Blind, Randomized, Placebo Controlled, Parallel Groups Study in Healthy Humans" Nutrients 10, no. 8: 955. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10080955
APA StyleWightman, E. L., Jackson, P. A., Khan, J., Forster, J., Heiner, F., Feistel, B., Suarez, C. G., Pischel, I., & Kennedy, D. O. (2018). The Acute and Chronic Cognitive and Cerebral Blood Flow Effects of a Sideritis scardica (Greek Mountain Tea) Extract: A Double Blind, Randomized, Placebo Controlled, Parallel Groups Study in Healthy Humans. Nutrients, 10(8), 955. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10080955