Omega-3 Fatty Acids Prevent Early Pancreatic Carcinogenesis via Repression of the AKT Pathway
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Cell Culture
2.2. MTT Assay
2.3. Western Blotting
2.4. Diet Studies
2.5. Histology
2.6. Immunohistochemistry
2.7. Apoptosis Assay by Annexin V-FITC and Propidium Iodide (PI) Staining
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Omega-3 Enriched Diets Protect Against, Whereas ω6-Enriched Diets Accelerate Pancreatic Tumorigenesis In Vivo
3.2. Omega-3 Fatty Acids Reduce Epithelial Cell Proliferation/Viability
3.3. Omega-3 Fatty Acids Inhibit AKT Phosphorylation
3.4. Omega-3 Fatty Acids Prevent FOX3a and BAD Phosphorylation In Vitro and In Vivo
3.5. Omega-3 Fatty Acids Promote Apoptosis in Vitro and in Vivo
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ingredients | ω-6 | high fat con | ω-3 |
---|---|---|---|
Menhaden Oil | - | 25.5 | 189.5 |
Safflower Oil | 189.5 | 164.0 | - |
Soybean Oil | 13.0 | 13.0 | 13.0 |
Casein | 200.0 | 200.0 | 200.0 |
Cellulose | 50.0 | 50.0 | 50.0 |
Corn Starch | 72.8 | 72.8 | 72.8 |
Maltodextrin | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Sucrose | 172.8 | 172.8 | 172.8 |
Mineral Mix | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 |
Dicalcium Phos | 13.0 | 13.0 | 13.0 |
Calcium Carb | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 |
Potassium Citrate | 16.5 | 16.5 | 16.5 |
Vitamin Mix | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 |
L-Cystine | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 |
Choline Bitartrate | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 |
Total Amount | 858.95 g | 858.84 g | 858.15 g |
Caloric Intake | 4057 Kcal | 4057 Kcal | 4057 Kcal |
Protein | 23.7% | 23.7% | 23.7% |
Fat | 23.6% | 23.6% | 23.6% |
Carbohydrates | 41.4% | 41.4% | 41.4% |
ω-3: ω-6 fa ratio | 1:125 | 1:15 | 2.5:1 |
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Ding, Y.; Mullapudi, B.; Torres, C.; Mascariñas, E.; Mancinelli, G.; Diaz, A.M.; McKinney, R.; Barron, M.; Schultz, M.; Heiferman, M.; et al. Omega-3 Fatty Acids Prevent Early Pancreatic Carcinogenesis via Repression of the AKT Pathway. Nutrients 2018, 10, 1289. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10091289
Ding Y, Mullapudi B, Torres C, Mascariñas E, Mancinelli G, Diaz AM, McKinney R, Barron M, Schultz M, Heiferman M, et al. Omega-3 Fatty Acids Prevent Early Pancreatic Carcinogenesis via Repression of the AKT Pathway. Nutrients. 2018; 10(9):1289. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10091289
Chicago/Turabian StyleDing, Yongzeng, Bhargava Mullapudi, Carolina Torres, Emman Mascariñas, Georgina Mancinelli, Andrew M. Diaz, Ronald McKinney, Morgan Barron, Michelle Schultz, Michael Heiferman, and et al. 2018. "Omega-3 Fatty Acids Prevent Early Pancreatic Carcinogenesis via Repression of the AKT Pathway" Nutrients 10, no. 9: 1289. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10091289