White Sweet Potato as Meal Replacement for Overweight White-Collar Workers: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Participants and Methods
2.1. Study Participants
2.2. Trial Design
2.3. WSP-MR Formula
2.4. Biochemical Analyses
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Participant Characteristics
3.2. Changes in Anthropometric Parameters and Clinical Characteristics
3.3. Changes in Biochemical Characteristics, Glycemic Markers, and Lipid Profiles
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Nutrient | WSP | WSP-MR |
---|---|---|
Calories (kcal) | 380.8 | 390.7 |
Protein (g) | 2.9 | 22.4 |
Total fat (g) | 0 | 10.9 |
Saturated Fat | 0 | 2.5 |
MUFA | 0 | 4.9 |
PUFA | 0 | 2.9 |
Carbohydrates (g) | 92.3 | 58.5 |
Dietary fiber | 10.1 | 15.5 |
Sugars | 31.1 | 13.4 |
Water (g) | 9.6 | 3.8 |
Ash (g) | 3.0 | 4.5 |
Minerals | ||
Sodium (mg) | 176 | 410.6 |
Manganese (mg) | 3.34 | 1 |
Potassium (mg) | 11,700 | 469 |
Calcium (mg) | 1080 | 610.3 |
Magnesium (mg) | 675 | 223.5 |
Iron (mg) | 18.3 | 6.4 |
Zinc (mg) | 7.98 | 7.3 |
Phosphate (mg) | 2660 | 317.5 |
Chloride (mg) | 2500 | 356.1 |
Copper (ug) | 5.38 | 364 |
Characteristic | Non-WSP | WSP-MR | p |
---|---|---|---|
Age (year-old) | 37.33 ± 5.50 | 38.76 ± 6.24 | 0.371 |
Male/female (n) | 13/14 | 14/15 | 0.992 |
Height (cm) | 163.91 ± 9.17 | 164.58 ± 7.81 | 0.767 |
Body weight (kg) | 66.77 ± 8.4 | 68.01 ± 6.88 | 0.546 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.68 ± 0.90 | 24.99 ± 1.05 | 0.245 |
Body fat (%) | 29.12 ± 5.39 | 29.42 ± 6.37 | 0.851 |
WC (cm) | 84.49 ± 7.67 | 85.87 ± 4.78 | 0.427 |
HC (cm) | 99.24 ± 10.51 | 101.87 ± 3.39 | 0.206 |
W-H ratio (%) | 86.52 ± 16.24 | 84.33 ± 4.49 | 0.487 |
Basal metabolic rate (kcal) | 1507.16 ± 203.52 | 1508.40 ± 176.10 | 0.981 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 116.59 ± 12.24 | 112.45 ± 15.01 | 0.265 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 69.41 ± 9.60 | 68.31 ± 15.63 | 0.751 |
FBG (mg/dL) | 86.81 ± 4.69 | 85.28 ± 7.33 | 0.357 |
Insulin (uU/mL) | 9.41 ± 4.86 | 8.63 ± 3.53 | 0.493 |
TC (mg/dL) | 195.48 ± 26.68 | 188.24 ± 25.35 | 0.302 |
TG (mg/dL) | 113.93 ± 41.91 | 111.31 ± 53.19 | 0.840 |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 50.44 ± 10.34 | 49.07 ± 7.77 | 0.574 |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | 128.78 ± 24.08 | 123.14 ± 22.95 | 0.374 |
Uric acid (mg/dL) | 5.33 ± 1.41 | 5.19 ± 1.28 | 0.691 |
AST (U/L) | 29.96 ± 6.42 | 23.17 ± 23.84 | 0.800 |
ALT (U/L) | 22.26 ± 9.53 | 29.17 ± 49.63 | 0.480 |
Non-WSP | WSP-MR | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Week 0 | Week 8 | Changes | Week 0 | Week 8 | Changes | |
Body weight (kg) | 66.77 ± 8.40 | 64.66 ± 8.39 * | −2.11 ± 1.70 | 68.01 ± 6.88 | 64.31 ± 6.21 * | −3.70 ± 2.24 # |
Body fat (%) | 29.12 ± 5.39 | 28.17 ± 5.31 * | −0.95 ± 2.21 | 29.42 ± 6.37 | 27.16 ± 6.07 * | −2.26 ± 2.09 # |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.68 ± 0.90 | 23.92 ± 0.96 * | −0.76 ± 0.68 | 24.99 ± 1.05 | 23.65 ± 1.22 * | −1.33 ± 0.82 # |
WC (cm) | 84.49 ± 7.67 | 82.93 ± 6.11 | −1.57 ± 4.42 | 85.87 ± 4.78 | 83.78 ± 5.65 * | −2.10 ± 4.46 |
HC (cm) | 99.24 ± 10.51 | 99.22 ± 3.52 | −0.02 ± 8.91 | 101.87 ± 3.39 | 98.98 ± 3.31 * | −2.89 ± 2.88 |
W-H ratio (%) | 86.52 ± 16.24 | 83.54 ± 4.80 | −2.99 ± 15.99 | 84.33 ± 4.49 | 84.64 ± 5.14 | 0.32 ± 3.88 |
WrC (cm) | 15.80 ± 1.01 | 15.59 ± 0.88 * | −0.21 ± 0.44 | 16.00 ± 1.04 | 15.58 ± 1.04 * | −0.43 ± 0.71 |
ThC (cm) | 59.46 ± 2.35 | 57.29 ± 2.35 * | −2.18 ± 2.82 | 59.90 ± 3.11 | 57.15 ± 2.52 * | −2.76 ± 3.32 |
CaC (cm) | 37.37 ± 1.84 | 37.00 ± 1.93 * | −0.37 ± 0.82 | 37.97 ± 1.69 | 37.33 ± 1.58 * | −0.64 ± 0.88 |
MAC (cm) | 29.69 ± 2.31 | 28.84 ± 2.15 * | −0.85 ± 0.74 | 29.96 ± 1.93 | 28.47 ± 1.82 * | −1.49 ± 0.96 # |
MAMC (cm) | 22.61 ± 2.61 | 23.36 ± 3.10 * | 0.74 ± 1.89 | 22.76 ± 2.79 | 22.94 ± 2.50 | 0.18 ± 2.02 |
TrS (mm) | 22.54 ± 4.79 | 17.47 ± 4.62 * | −5.07 ± 5.58 | 22.92 ± 5.84 | 17.60 ± 4.28 * | −5.31 ± 5.65 |
Non-WSP | WSP-MR | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Week 0 | Week 8 | Changes | Week 0 | Week 8 | Changes | |
Albumin (g/dL) | 4.83 ± 0.19 | 4.60 ± 0.24 * | −0.23 ± 0.19 | 4.51 ± 0.21 | 4.55 ± 0.24 * | 0.04 ± 0.15 # |
Total protein (g/dL) | 7.41 ± 0.31 | 7.29 ± 0.25 * | −0.13 ± 0.25 | 7.38 ± 0.40 | 7.33 ± 0.37 * | −0.05 ± 0.23 |
Sodium (meq/L) | 137.30 ± 2.15 | 139.96 ± 1.23 * | 2.66 ± 2.31 | 137.67 ± 1.24 | 139.60 ± 1.37 * | 1.93 ± 1.21 |
Potassium (meq/L) | 4.09 ± 0.30 | 4.18 ± 0.30 * | 0.09 ± 0.29 | 4.16 ± 0.31 | 4.22 ± 0.29 | 0.06 ± 0.30 |
Calcium (meq/L) | 10.02 ± 0.22 | 9.33 ± 0.24 * | −0.69 ± 0.25 | 9.67 ± 0.29 | 9.31 ± 0.31 * | −0.36 ± 0.20 # |
Phosphorus (meq/L) | 3.21 ± 0.46 | 3.17 ± 0.42 * | −0.04 ± 0.37 | 3.14 ± 0.44 | 3.30 ± 0.33 * | 0.16 ± 0.35 # |
Magnesium (meq/L) | 2.05 ± 0.12 | 2.11 ± 0.13 * | 0.06 ± 0.11 | 2.02 ± 0.11 | 2.14 ± 0.13 * | 0.11 ± 0.11 |
AST (U/L) | 21.96 ± 6.42 | 19.59 ± 6.40 | −2.37 ± 6.23 | 23.17 ± 23.84 | 17.48 ± 3.86 | −5.69 ± 22.14 |
ALT (U/L) | 22.26 ± 9.53 | 21.78 ± 18.11 | −0.48 ± 16.18 | 29.17 ± 49.63 | 16.31 ± 7.90 | −12.86 ± 43.81 |
γ-GTP (U/L) | 19.33 ± 10.04 | 16.44 ± 7.88 * | −2.89 ± 4.37 | 25.17 ± 35.13 | 13.72 ± 8.18 | −11.45 ± 30.89 |
Total bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.72 ± 0.31 | 0.81 ± 0.31 | 0.09 ± 0.26 | 0.77 ± 0.34 | 0.78 ± 0.37 | 0.01 ± 0.29 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.76 ± 0.14 | 0.68 ± 0.14 * | −0.09 ± 0.05 | 0.76 ± 0.18 | 0.68 ± 0.15 * | −0.09 ± 0.06 |
BUN (mg/dL) | 13.26 ± 2.38 | 11.67 ± 2.60 * | −1.59 ± 2.22 | 11.79 ± 2.93 | 11.93 ± 2.94 | 0.14 ± 3.07 # |
Uric acid (mg/dL) | 5.33 ± 1.41 | 5.14 ± 1.21 * | −0.19 ± 0.63 | 5.19 ± 1.28 | 5.16 ± 1.11 | −0.03 ± 0.66 |
Hs-CRP (mg/dL) | 0.21 ± 0.18 | 0.13 ± 0.05 * | −0.09 ± 0.17 | 0.27 ± 0.34 | 0.38 ± 0.88 | 0.11 ± 0.98 |
Non-WSP | WSP-MR | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Week 0 | Week 8 | Changes | Week 0 | Week 8 | Changes | |
FBG (mg/dL) | 86.81 ± 4.69 | 80.30 ± 6.33 * | −6.52 ± 5.60 | 85.28 ± 7.33 | 78.90 ± 6.14 * | −6.38 ± 5.30 |
HbA1c (%) | 5.14 ± 0.37 | 5.12 ± 0.44 | −0.02 ± 0.17 | 5.38 ± 0.35 | 5.20 ± 0.25 * | −0.19 ± 0.20 # |
Insulin (uU/mL) | 9.41 ± 4.86 | 8.04 ± 4.09 | −1.37 ± 3.70 | 8.63 ± 3.53 | 5.71 ± 2.98 * | −2.92 ± 3.79 |
TC (mg/dL) | 195.48 ± 26.68 | 181.89 ± 25.16 * | −13.59 ± 12.91 | 188.24 ± 25.35 | 177.41 ± 25.31* | −10.83 ± 18.83 |
TG (mg/dL) | 113.93 ± 41.91 | 87.63 ± 40.23 * | −26.30 ± 32.11 | 111.31 ± 53.19 | 78.14 ± 25.49 * | −33.17 ± 47.23 |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 50.44 ± 10.34 | 51.78 ± 10.48 | 1.33 ± 3.81 | 49.07 ± 7.77 | 51.52 ± 8.50 * | 2.45 ± 4.45 |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | 128.78 ± 24.08 | 116.44 ± 23.43 * | −12.33 ±13.08 | 123.14 ± 22.95 | 113.07 ± 22.58 * | −10.07 ± 17.51 |
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Shih, C.-K.; Chen, C.-M.; Hsiao, T.-J.; Liu, C.-W.; Li, S.-C. White Sweet Potato as Meal Replacement for Overweight White-Collar Workers: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2019, 11, 165. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11010165
Shih C-K, Chen C-M, Hsiao T-J, Liu C-W, Li S-C. White Sweet Potato as Meal Replacement for Overweight White-Collar Workers: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients. 2019; 11(1):165. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11010165
Chicago/Turabian StyleShih, Chun-Kuang, Chiao-Ming Chen, Tun-Jen Hsiao, Ching-Wen Liu, and Sing-Chung Li. 2019. "White Sweet Potato as Meal Replacement for Overweight White-Collar Workers: A Randomized Controlled Trial" Nutrients 11, no. 1: 165. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11010165