Metabolizable Energy from Cashew Nuts is Less than that Predicted by Atwater Factors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Diets
2.3. Sample Collection and Analysis
2.4. Data Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Results from Recruitment and Enrollment of Study Subjects
3.2. Composition of Cashew Nuts
3.3. Metabolizable Energy of Cashew Nuts
3.4. Body Weight
3.5. Macronutrient Intake and Absorption
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Mean ± SE |
---|---|
Age (year) | 56.9 ± 2.4 |
Body weight (kg) | 83.1 ± 3.8 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 28.4 ± 1.1 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 100.9 ± 2.7 |
Total cholesterol, fasting (mg/dL) | 205.2 ± 5.8 |
Triglycerides, fasting (mg/dL) | 114.6 ± 14.0 |
Glucose, fasting (mg/dL) | 96.3 ± 2.0 |
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 119.6 ± 3.9 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 72.6 ± 2.1 |
Nutrient | Mean ± SE |
---|---|
Macronutrients | |
Fat (en%) | 29.8 ± 0.01 |
Carbohydrate (en%) | 21.5 ± 0.02 |
Protein (en%) | 11.4 ± 0.04 |
Fatty acids | |
Saturated fatty acids | 5.98 ± 0.01 |
Palmitic acid (16:0) (en%) | 2.94 ± 0.01 |
Stearic acid (18:0) (en%) | 2.72 ± 0.00 |
Other saturated fatty acids (en%) | 0.32 ± 0.00 |
Monounsaturated fatty acids | 16.85 ± 0.08 |
Oleic acid (18:1) (en%) | 16.59 ± 0.08 |
Other monounsaturated fatty acids (en%) | 0.26 ± 0.00 |
Polyunsaturated fatty acids | 5.32 ± 0.11 |
Linoleic acid (18:2) (en%) | 5.28 ± 0.11 |
Other polyunsaturated fatty acids (en%) | 0.05 ± 0.00 |
Total Sterols (mg/100 g) | 77.5 ± 5.1 |
Campesterol (mg/100 g) | 5.0 ± 0.0 |
Beta-Sitosterol (mg/100 g) | 63.8 ± 5.1 |
Other sterols and stanols (mg/100 g) | 8.8 ± 0.0 |
Base Control Diet (Mean, n = 18) | Base + Cashew Diet (Mean, n = 18) | Pooled SEM | p1 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gross energy (kcal/day) | 2530 | 2610 | 78 | 0.0172 |
Fat (g/day) | 77.7 | 90.9 | 2.4 | <0.0001 |
Nitrogen (g/day) | 16.9 | 17.0 | 0.5 | NS |
Protein (g/day) | 105.8 | 104.9 | 3.3 | NS |
Carbohydrate (g/day) | 316.5 | 305.6 | 9.8 | 0.0104 |
Base Control Diet (Mean, n = 18) | Base + Cashew Diet (Mean, n = 18) | Pooled SEM | p1 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fecal weight (g dry weight/day) | 27.0 | 34.2 | 1.5 | <0.0001 |
Fecal gross energy (kcal/day) | 129.6 | 186.3 | 8.1 | <0.0001 |
Fecal fat (g/day) | 1.7 | 3.6 | 0.3 | 0.0003 |
Fecal nitrogen (g/day) | 1.5 | 1.7 | 0.1 | 0.0051 |
Fecal protein 2 (g/day) | 9.4 | 10.5 | 0.6 | 0.0051 |
Fecal carbohydrate 3 (g/day) | 10.7 | 14.2 | 0.6 | <0.0001 |
Urinary energy (kcal/day) | 118.2 | 115.9 | 5.0 | NS |
Urinary nitrogen (g/day) | 13.5 | 13.6 | 0.4 | NS |
Base Control Diet (Mean, n = 18) | Base + Cashew Diet (Mean, n = 18) | Pooled SEM | p1 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Energy (%) | 94.9 | 92.9 | 0.2 | <0.0001 |
Fat (%) | 97.8 | 96.1 | 0.3 | 0.0009 |
Protein 2 (%) | 91.2 | 90.1 | 0.5 | 0.0012 |
Carbohydrate (%) | 94.9 | 92.9 | 0.2 | <0.0001 |
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Baer, D.J.; Novotny, J.A. Metabolizable Energy from Cashew Nuts is Less than that Predicted by Atwater Factors. Nutrients 2019, 11, 33. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11010033
Baer DJ, Novotny JA. Metabolizable Energy from Cashew Nuts is Less than that Predicted by Atwater Factors. Nutrients. 2019; 11(1):33. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11010033
Chicago/Turabian StyleBaer, David J., and Janet A. Novotny. 2019. "Metabolizable Energy from Cashew Nuts is Less than that Predicted by Atwater Factors" Nutrients 11, no. 1: 33. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11010033