Magnesium Intake Predicts Bone Turnover in Postmenopausal Black South African Women
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Anthropometry, Bone Mineral Density and Bone Turnover Markers
2.3. Questionnaires
2.4. Nutrient Intake and Dietary Patterns
2.5. Oblique Rotation Principal Component Factoring
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participant Characteristics, Nutrient Intake, and Dietary Patterns
3.2. Bone Mineral Density and Bone Turnover
3.3. Regression Analyses
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Food Group | Foods in the Group | Number |
---|---|---|
Starches and grains | Starchy grains (cereals, pasta, rice, mealies/corn, samp), cooked porridge, and maize-based drinks | 1 |
Bread | White, brown, and whole-wheat bread and rolls, ‘vetkoek’ (fried rolls) | 2 |
Vegetables | All fresh and canned vegetables, excluding starchy vegetables | 3 |
Starchy vegetables | Starchy vegetables (potato, sweet potato), fried hot chips | 4 |
Fruit | All fresh and dried fruit, (mostly apples, pears, bananas, oranges) | 5 |
Dairy | Milk and milk products (fresh and sour), yoghurt, cheese | 6 |
Sweetened milk products | Custard sauce, ice-cream, milk desserts, dairy-juice drinks | 7 |
Unprocessed meat | Meat, chicken, fish, and products, animal protein stew with potato and/or vegetables | 8 |
Processed meat | Processed meats, e.g., frankfurters, viennas, ham, bacon, boerewors | 9 |
Fats | All fats and oils (excluding ice cream), butter, margarine, oil, lard, salad dressings | 10 |
Sugars | Sugar, syrups, sweets, jam | 11 |
Savoury and sweet baked/fried starchy foods | Savoury snacks, dry crackers, popcorn, cakes, biscuits, cheese crisps, commercial dry potato chips | 12 |
Drinks | Sugar-sweetened drinks, fruit juice | 13 |
Variable | Total Group (n) | Median | IQR 1 |
---|---|---|---|
Age (y) | 144 | 59.4 | 54–66 |
Weight (kg) | 144 | 67.4 | 55.5–80.2 |
BMI 2 (kg/m2) | 144 | 27.9 | 22.8–33.0 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 141 | 86.8 | 76.9–95.3 |
Physical activity score | 141 | 2.96 | 2.62–3.12 |
Energy intake (MJ/d) | 142 | 11.2 | 8.7–13.5 |
Percentage protein intake (%) | 142 | 12.6 | 11.2V14.3 |
Protein per body weight (g/kg) | 142 | 1.2 | 0.9–1.7 |
Percentage carbohydrate intake (%) | 142 | 54 | 48–58 |
Added sugar (g/d) | 142 | 62 | 34–93 |
Fiber (g/d) | 142 | 30 | 21-41 |
Percentage fat intake (%) | 142 | 26 | 22–31 |
Calcium intake (mg/d) | 142 | 540.4 | 358–708 |
Magnesium intake (mg/d) | 142 | 367.0 | 273–508 |
Alcohol intake (g/d) | 142 | 0 | 0V5.1 |
Variable | N | n | Percentage (%) |
Waist circumference cut-off <80 cm ≥80 cm ≥120 cm | 142 | 42 100 - | 29.6 70.4 - |
Smokers | 141 | 11 | 7.8 |
HIV 3 positive | 144 | 12 | 8.3 |
Variable | N | 2010 | 2012 | P-Value | d 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Distal radius BMD 1 (g/cm2) | 134 | 0.42 (0.1) | 0.3 (0.14) | <.001 | 0.3 |
Spine (L1-L4) BMD 1 (g/cm2) | 143 | 0.84 (0.15) | 0.83 (0.15) | 0.090 | 0.14 |
Femoral neck of the hip BMD 1 (g/cm2) | 142 | 0.83 (0.14) | 0.81 (0.14) | <.001 | 0.38 |
BMI 2 (kg/m2) | 144 | 27.9 (22.8–33.0) | 27.7 (22.8–33.3) | 0.001 | |
High sensitivity C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 141 | 4.83 (1.70–9.94) | 4.42 (2.24–8.26) | 0.720 | |
C-Telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTx-1) (ng/mL) | 132 | 0.47 (0.31–0.69) | 0.54 (0.35–0.80) | 0.004 | |
Parathyroid hormone (ng/mL) | 132 | 41.4 (29.1–55.6) | 45.8 (35.5–63.3) | <0.0001 | |
25(OH)D3 3 (ng/mL) | 132 | 35.6 (27.4–46.4) | 30.7 (23.1–36.8) | <0.0001 |
Standardised β | P-Value | |
---|---|---|
Final Model * | ||
CTx-1 1 Baseline (ng/mL) | −0.45 | <0.0001 |
Magnesium Intake (mg) | −0.175 | 0.03 |
HIV infected | 0.131 | 0.096 |
Adjusted R-squared | 0.220 |
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Wright, H.H.; Kruger, M.C.; Schutte, W.D.; Wentzel-Viljoen, E.; Kruger, I.M.; Kruger, H.S. Magnesium Intake Predicts Bone Turnover in Postmenopausal Black South African Women. Nutrients 2019, 11, 2519. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102519
Wright HH, Kruger MC, Schutte WD, Wentzel-Viljoen E, Kruger IM, Kruger HS. Magnesium Intake Predicts Bone Turnover in Postmenopausal Black South African Women. Nutrients. 2019; 11(10):2519. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102519
Chicago/Turabian StyleWright, Hattie H., Marlena C. Kruger, Willem D. Schutte, Edelweiss Wentzel-Viljoen, Iolanthe M. Kruger, and Herculina S. Kruger. 2019. "Magnesium Intake Predicts Bone Turnover in Postmenopausal Black South African Women" Nutrients 11, no. 10: 2519. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102519