Dietary and Physical Activity Behaviors in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome per the New International Evidence-Based Guideline
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Setting
2.2. Definition of PCOS
2.3. Study Procedures
2.3.1. Clinical Assessment
2.3.2. Ultrasonographic Assessment
2.3.3. Biochemical Assessment
2.3.4. Dietary Assessment
2.3.5. Physical Activity Assessment
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Demographic, Clinical, and Biochemical Characteristics of Women
3.2. Dietary Behaviors of Women
3.3. Physical Activity Behaviors of Women
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Measure (unit) | All Women a | PCOS a | Control a | Reference | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (year) | 27.7 (26.6–28.8) | 26.8 (25.4–28.1) | 29.5 (27.5–31.4) | N/A | 0.02 |
Ethnicity, Hispanic (n (%)) | 18 (14.5) | 9 (11.3) | 9 (20.5) | N/A | 0.10 |
Race (n (%)) | N/A | 0.15 | |||
Black | 15 (12) | 8 (10) | 7 (16) | ||
Asian | 11 (9) | 7 (9) | 4 (9) | ||
White | 77 (62) | 55 (69) | 22 (50) | ||
Other | 21 (17) | 10 (12) | 11 (25) | ||
Metformin use (n (yes %)) | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | N/A | 1.00 |
OCP use (n (yes %)) | 7 (6) | 4 (5) | 3 (7) | N/A | 0.70 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 30.2 (28.8–31.6) | 31.5 (29.5–33.4) | 28.0 (26.1–29.8) | 18.5–24.9 | 0.01 |
Normal BMI (n (yes %)) | 42 (33.9) | 24 (30.0) | 18 (40.0) | 18.5–24.9 | |
Overweight (n (yes %)) | 20 (16.1) | 11 (13.8) | 9 (20.4) | 25.0–29.9 | 0.19 |
Obese (n (yes %)) | 62 (50.0) | 45 (56.2) | 17 (38.6) | ≥30.0 | |
WHR | 0.84 (0.82–0.85) | 0.83 (0.81–0.85) | 0.84 (0.83–0.86) | ≤0.85 | 0.49 |
Menstrual cycle length (d) | 64 (49–78) | 86 (63–108) | 29.5 (26.7–32.3) | <36 | 0.001 |
Modified hirsutism score | 6 (5–7) | 8 (6–9) | 4 (3–5) | <6 | <0.0001 |
TT (nmol/L) | 1.6 (1.4–1.7) | 1.8 (1.6–1.9) | 1.2 (1.1–1.4) | <2.1 | <0.0001 |
FAI | 4 (4–5) | 6 (6–6) | 2 (2–3) | <6 | 0.001 |
Free T (nmol/L) | 0.02 (0.02–0.03) | 0.03 (0.03–0.03) | 0.02 (0.01–0.02) | <0.03 | <0.0001 |
Bioavailable T (nmol/L) | 0.6 (0.5–0.6) | 0.7 (0.6–0.8) | 0.4 (0.3–0.4) | <0.7 | <0.0001 |
OV (mL) | 9.9 (8.9–10.9) | 11.0 (9.7–12.2) | 7.8 (6.3–9.4) | <10 | <0.004 |
FNPS (n) | 9 (8–10) | 10 (9–11) | 7 (6–8) | <10 | <0.005 |
FNPO 2–9 mm (n) | 36 (32–40) | 42 (36–47) | 24 (20–28) | <20 | <0.0001 |
Measure (unit) | All Women a | PCOS a | Control a | Reference | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dietary factors b | |||||
Energy (kcal/d) | 2204 (2036–2373) | 2218 (2017–2419) | 2180 (1866–2494) | 2403 c | 0.64 |
Total carbohydrate (g/d) | 267 (245–290) | 264 (240–288) | 273 (225–321) | 100 d | 0.70 |
Added sugars (g/d) | 70 (59–82) | 68 (56–80) | 75 (52–99) | N/A | 0.64 |
Total protein (g/d) | 85 (79–92) | 86 (78–95) | 83 (72–94) | 46 e | 0.60 |
Total fat (g/d) | 87 (80–94) | 89 (80–99) | 83 (72–94) | N/A | 0.42 |
Total SFA (g/d) | 28 (26–31) | 29 (25–32) | 28 (23–33) | N/A | 0.77 |
Total MUFA (g/d) | 34 (33–37) | 35 (31–39) | 32 (28–36) | N/A | 0.40 |
Total PUFA (g/d) | 18 (16–19) | 18 (16–20) | 17 (15–19) | N/A | 0.37 |
Cholesterol (mg/d) | 291 (262–321) | 303 (264–342) | 271 (229–314) | N/A | 0.34 |
Trans fats (g/d) | 3 (3–3) | 3 (3–4) | 3 (2–3) | N/A | 0.94 |
Total fiber (g/d) | 23 (22–26) | 24 (22–26) | 25 (22–28) | 28 f | 0.49 |
Vitamin A (IU/d) | 14511 (12634–16388) | 13933 (117167–16150) | 15561 (12029–19094) | 500 d | 0.60 |
Vitamin B1 (mg/d) | 1.8 (1.7–1.9) | 1.8 (1.7–2.0) | 1.8 (1.5–2.0) | 0.9 d | 0.46 |
Vitamin B2 (mg/d) | 2.4 (2.2–2.6) | 2.4 (2.2–2.6) | 2.3 (2.0–2.7) | 0.9 d | 0.27 |
Vitamin B3 (mg/d) | 24 (22–25) | 24 (22–26) | 22 (19–25) | 11 d | 0.15 |
Vitamin B5 (mg/d) | 7 (6–7) | 7 (6–7) | 7 (6–8) | 5 h | 0.37 |
Vitamin B6 (mg/d) | 2.2 (2.0–2.3) | 2.2 (2.1–2.4) | 2.1 (1.8–2.3) | 1.1 d | 0.28 |
Vitamin B9 (μg/d) | 285 (265–305) | 275 (252–298) | 303 (265–340) | 320 d | 0.38 |
Vitamin B12 (μg/d) | 5.7 (5.1–6.3) | 5.9 (5.2–6.6) | 5.3 (4.3–6.3) | 2.0 d | 0.17 |
Vitamin C (mg/d) | 141 (125–157) | 136 (118–154) | 151 (120–181) | 60 d | 0.55 |
Vitamin D (μg/d) | 6 (5–7) | 6 (5–7) | 6 (4–7) | 10 d | 0.48 |
Vitamin E (mg/d) | 21 (19–22) | 21 (19–23) | 20 (17–23) | 12 d | 0.60 |
Vitamin K (μ/d) | 219 (190–251) | 197 (166–228) | 259 (188–331) | 90 h | 0.11 |
Calcium (mg/d) | 1141 (1033–1250) | 1117 (997–1236) | 1187 (967–1407) | 800 d | 0.89 |
Copper (μg/d) | 1536 (1441–1630) | 1516 (1407–1624) | 1572 (1387–1758) | 700 d | 0.57 |
Iron (mg/d) | 16 (15–18) | 17 (15–18) | 16 (14–18) | 8.1 d | 0.54 |
Magnesium (mg/d) | 363 (340–386) | 357 (331–383) | 375 (330–420) | 255–265 d | 0.46 |
Manganese (mg/d) | 4.5 (4.1–5.0) | 4.3 (3.9–4.6) | 5.0 (4.0–6.0) | 1.8 g | 0.27 |
Phosphorus (mg/d) | 1439 (1130–1548) | 1445 (1311–1580) | 1427 (1235–1618) | 580 e | 0.87 |
Potassium (g/d) | 3.2 (3.0–3.5) | 3.2 (2.9–3.5) | 3.3 (2.8–3.8) | 2.6 g | 0.68 |
Selenium (μg/d) | 123 (114–133) | 126 (114–138) | 118 (103–134) | 45 d | 0.45 |
Sodium (g/d) | 4.0 (3.7–4.3) | 4.0 (3.6–4.4) | 4.1 (3.5–4.7) | 2.3 h | 0.75 |
Zinc (mg/d) | 13 (12–14) | 13 (11–14) | 13 (11–14) | 6.8 d | 0.44 |
Caffeine (mg/d) | 165 (138–192) | 151 (123–180) | 191 (135–247) | N/A | 0.46 |
Alcohol (g/d) | 9 (7–11) | 9 (5–12) | 9 (5–13) | N/A | 0.58 |
HEI-2015 components b | Maximum points i | ||||
Total fruits | 3.6 (3.3–3.9) | 3.5 (3.1–3.9) | 3.7 (3.2–4.2) | 5 | 0.59 |
Whole fruits | 3.9 (3.6–4.2) | 3.9 (3.5–4.2) | 3.9 (3.4–4.4) | 5 | 0.98 |
Total vegetables | 4.2 (4.0–4.4) | 4.2 (3.9–4.4) | 4.3 (4–4.6) | 5 | 0.67 |
Greens and beans | 3.8 (3.5–4.0) | 3.7 (3.3–4.1) | 3.9 (3.4–4.4) | 5 | 0.51 |
Whole grains | 4.9 (4.3–5.3) | 4.0 (5.3–4.6) | 5.2 (4.3–6.1) | 10 | 0.31 |
Dairy | 6.2 (5.7–6.6) | 6.1 (5.5–6.7) | 6.4 (5.6–7.2) | 10 | 0.55 |
Total protein foods | 4.6 (4.4–4.7) | 4.5 (4.3–4.7) | 4.6 (4.4–4.9) | 5 | 0.40 |
Seafood and plant proteins | 4.3 (4.0–4.5) | 4.1 (3.8–4.4) | 4.5 (4.2–4.8) | 5 | 0.12 |
Fatty acids | 5.3 (4.8–5.9) | 5.5 (4.8–6.3) | 4.9 (4.1–5.8) | 10 | 0.39 |
Refined grains | 8.3 (7.9–8.7) | 8.3 (7.6–8.8) | 8.3 (7.6–9.1) | 10 | 0.49 |
Sodium | 2.9 (2.4–3.3) | 3.0 (2.4–3.5) | 2.7 (2.0–3.5) | 10 | 0.49 |
Added sugars | 8.3 (7.9–8.7) | 8.4 (7.9–8.8) | 8.2 (7.5–8.7) | 10 | 0.74 |
Saturated fats | 5.9 (5.4–6.4) | 5.9 (5.2–6.6) | 5.8 (5.0–6.6) | 10 | 0.86 |
Total HEI-2015 score | 65.9 (63.7–68.1) | 65.6 (62.6–68.6) | 66.5 (63.5–69.6) | 100 i | 0.70 |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Lin, A.W.; Kazemi, M.; Jarrett, B.Y.; Vanden Brink, H.; Hoeger, K.M.; Spandorfer, S.D.; Lujan, M.E. Dietary and Physical Activity Behaviors in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome per the New International Evidence-Based Guideline. Nutrients 2019, 11, 2711. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112711
Lin AW, Kazemi M, Jarrett BY, Vanden Brink H, Hoeger KM, Spandorfer SD, Lujan ME. Dietary and Physical Activity Behaviors in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome per the New International Evidence-Based Guideline. Nutrients. 2019; 11(11):2711. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112711
Chicago/Turabian StyleLin, Annie W., Maryam Kazemi, Brittany Y. Jarrett, Heidi Vanden Brink, Kathleen M. Hoeger, Steven D. Spandorfer, and Marla E. Lujan. 2019. "Dietary and Physical Activity Behaviors in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome per the New International Evidence-Based Guideline" Nutrients 11, no. 11: 2711. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112711