Associations of Less Healthy Snack Food Consumption with Infant Weight-for-Length Z-Score Trajectories: Findings from the Nurture Cohort Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Sociodemographics
2.2.2. Exposure Variable (Categorical)—Baby Snacks and Sweets
2.2.3. Outcome Variable (Continuous)—Infant WFL z-Scores
2.2.4. Covariates
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographics
3.2. Consumption of Baby Snacks and Sweets during the First Year of Life
3.3. Association of Baby Snacks and Sweets with Infant WFL Z-Scores Trajectories
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mother Characteristics | n | Mean (SD) or % |
Age (years) | 666 | 27.1 (5.8) |
Pregnancy BMI | 666 | 29.9 (9.3) |
Race | 661 | |
Black | 71.5 | |
White | 19.2 | |
Other | 8.9 | |
Ethnicity, Latina | 661 | 6.5 |
Education | 663 | |
≤High school diploma | 47.8 | |
Some college | 30.3 | |
College graduate | 15.5 | |
Graduate degree | 6.3 | |
Household Income | 607 | |
≤$20,000 | 55.4 | |
$2,0001–$4,0000 | 19.1 | |
≥$4,0001 | 16.7 | |
Infant Characteristics | n | Mean (SD) or % |
Gender, female | 666 | 48.8 |
Race | 661 | |
Black | 68.6 | |
White | 15.0 | |
Other | 14.9 | |
Ethnicity, Latina/o | 661 | 8.9 |
Birth WGA z-score | 666 | −0.31 (0.9) |
WFL z-score, mean | ||
3 months | 534 | 0.14 (1.1) |
6 months | 492 | 0.39 (1.1) |
9 months | 456 | 0.56 (1.0) |
12 months | 466 | 0.64 (1.0) |
Total Weeks Breastfed a | 657 | 14.7 (18.2) |
Early Introduction of Solids b | 534 | 30.3 |
Infant Dietary Characteristics | 0 to 3 Months | 4 to 6 Months | 7 to 9 Months | 10 to 12 Months |
---|---|---|---|---|
n = 534 | n = 492 | n = 456 | n = 466 | |
Baby snacks a | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–1.0) | 2.7 (1.3–3.7) | 3.0 (2.0–4.0) |
Sweets b | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–1.0) | 0.7 (0.0–1.7) |
SSB c | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–1.7) | 1.0 (0.0–2.7) |
Fruits | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.7 (0.0–2.0) | 3.0 (2.0–4.0) | 3.7 (2.7–4.0) |
Vegetables | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.7 (0.0–2.3) | 3.0 (2.0–4.0) | 3.7 (2.7–4.0) |
Breastmilk | 5.0 (2.3–7.0) | 4.7 (0.0–7.0) | 6.0 (0.0–7.0) | 4.2 (0.0–7.0) |
Formula | 5.3 (2.0–7.0) | 6.7 (5.0–7.0) | 6.0 (5.0–7.0) | 5.3 (3.3–6.0) |
Model 1 Unconditional Means | Model 2 Unconditional Growth | Model 3 Conditional Growth | Model 4 Conditional Growth | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | n = 666 | n = 666 | n = 532 | n = 532 | |
Fixed Effects | |||||
Intercept | |||||
Initial Status (Time1) | 0.52 (0.04) ** | 0.38 (0.05) ** | 0.52 (0.06) ** | 0.54 (0.06) ** | |
Slope (change in WFL z-scores) | |||||
Time1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Time2 | 0.17 (0.03) ** | 0.20 (0.07) ** | 0.16 (0.04) ** | ||
Time3 | 0.25 (0.03) ** | 0.30 (0.08) ** | 0.19 (0.04) ** | ||
Baby Snacks × Time1 | |||||
Never | 364 | 0 | |||
Sometimes | 91 | 0.11 (0.07) | |||
Often | 36 | −0.08 (0.10) | |||
Baby Snacks × Time2 | |||||
Never | 76 | 0 | |||
Sometimes | 174 | −0.12 (0.11) | |||
Often | 201 | 0.07 (0.12) | |||
Baby Snacks × Time3 | |||||
Never | 57 | 0 | |||
Sometimes | 132 | −0.14 (0.11) | |||
Often | 276 | 0.02 (0.13) | |||
Sweets × Time1 | |||||
Never | 456 | .0 | |||
Sometimes | 24 | 0.11 (0.12) | |||
Often | 11 | −0.46 (0.17) * | |||
Sweets × Time2 | |||||
Never | 320 | .0 | |||
Sometimes | 66 | −0.09 (0.14) | |||
Often | 65 | 0.48 (0.18) * | |||
Sweets × Time3 | |||||
Never | 245 | .0 | |||
Sometimes | 109 | 0.04 (0.14) | |||
Often | 111 | 0.53 (0.18) * | |||
Random Effects | |||||
Level 1 | 0.22 (0.01) ** | 0.21 (0.01) ** | 0.20 (0.01) ** | 0.20 (0.05) ** | |
Intercept | 0.84 (0.06) ** | 0.85 (0.06) ** | 0.79 (0.05) ** | 0.79 (0.05) ** | |
Model Fit | |||||
BIC | 3023.7 | 2978.4 | 2926.3 | 2919.0 |
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Share and Cite
Moore, A.M.; Vadiveloo, M.; Tovar, A.; McCurdy, K.; Østbye, T.; Benjamin-Neelon, S.E. Associations of Less Healthy Snack Food Consumption with Infant Weight-for-Length Z-Score Trajectories: Findings from the Nurture Cohort Study. Nutrients 2019, 11, 2752. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112752
Moore AM, Vadiveloo M, Tovar A, McCurdy K, Østbye T, Benjamin-Neelon SE. Associations of Less Healthy Snack Food Consumption with Infant Weight-for-Length Z-Score Trajectories: Findings from the Nurture Cohort Study. Nutrients. 2019; 11(11):2752. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112752
Chicago/Turabian StyleMoore, Amy M., Maya Vadiveloo, Alison Tovar, Karen McCurdy, Truls Østbye, and Sara E. Benjamin-Neelon. 2019. "Associations of Less Healthy Snack Food Consumption with Infant Weight-for-Length Z-Score Trajectories: Findings from the Nurture Cohort Study" Nutrients 11, no. 11: 2752. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112752