Muscular Fitness Mediates the Association between 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Areal Bone Mineral Density in Children with Overweight/Obesity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Anthropometrics and Sexual Maturation
2.2.2. Vitamin D
2.2.3. Muscular Fitness
2.2.4. Body Composition
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
Mediation Analysis
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | All (n = 81) | Boys (n = 53) | Girls (n = 28) |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 10.0 ± 1.2 | 10.2 ± 1.2 | 9.7 ± 1.2 |
Years from PHV (years) | −2.4 ± 0.9 | −2.6 ± 0.9 | −1.8 ± 1.1 |
Height (cm) | 143.9 ± 8.7 | 144.5 ± 8.1 | 142.7 ± 9.8 |
Body mass (kg) | 54.8 ± 10.7 | 55.8 ± 10.7 | 53.1 ± 10.8 |
TBLH fat mass (kg) a | 21.9 ± 5.8 | 22.1 ± 5.9 | 21.5 ± 5.8 |
TBLH lean mass (kg) a | 26.6 ± 5.2 | 27.3 ± 4.9 | 25.5 ± 5.3 |
BMI (kg·m−2) | 26.3 ± 3.4 | 26.5 ± 3.4 | 25.9 ± 3.3 |
Overweight (%) | 28.4 | 26.4 | 32.1 |
Obesity (%) | 71.6 | 73.6 | 67.9 |
Autumn (%) | 91.4 | 90.6 | 92.9 |
Winter (%) | 8.6 | 9.4 | 7.1 |
25(OH)D (nmol/L) a,* | 31.5 ± 9.5 | 32.7 ± 9.6 | 29.2 ± 8.9 |
Deficiency (%) | 46.9 | 43.4 | 53.6 |
Insufficiency (%) | 46.9 | 49.1 | 42.9 |
Sufficiency (%) | 6.2 | 7.5 | 3.6 |
Muscular fitness z-score b | 0.000 ± 1.000 | 0.032 ± 0.098 | −0.061 ± 1.037 |
Handgrip strength (kg)/body mass (kg) a | 0.307 ± 0.059 | 0.309 ± 0.058 | 0.303 ± 0.059 |
Standing long jump (cm) a | 106.2 ± 17.8 | 106.5 ± 17.9 | 105.7 ± 17.9 |
TBLH (g·m−2) a | 0.772 ± 0.059 | 0.775 ± 0.059 | 0.766 ± 0.058 |
Arms (g·m−2) a | 0.607 ± 0.041 | 0.613 ± 0.041 | 0.596 ± 0.040 |
Legs (g·m−2) a | 0.913 ± 0.079 | 0.917 ± 0.082 | 0.906 ± 0.074 |
Muscular Fitness z-Score b | Handgrip Strength/Body Mass | Standing Long Jump | TBLH aBMD | Arms aBMD | Legs aBMD | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
25(OH)D | 0.275 * | 0.285 * | 0.186 | 0.039 | 0.043 | −0.011 |
Muscular fitness z-score b | - | 0.881 ** | 0.869 ** | 0.244 * | 0.352 * | 0.182 |
Handgrip strength/body mass | - | 0.540 ** | 0.165 | 0.320 * | 0.089 | |
Standing long jump | - | 0.266 * | 0.295 * | 0.233 * | ||
TBLH aBMD | - | 0.764 ** | 0.894 ** | |||
Arms aBMD | - | 0.577 ** |
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Gil-Cosano, J.J.; Gracia-Marco, L.; Ubago-Guisado, E.; Migueles, J.H.; Mora-Gonzalez, J.; Escolano-Margarit, M.V.; Gómez-Vida, J.; Maldonado, J.; Ortega, F.B. Muscular Fitness Mediates the Association between 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Areal Bone Mineral Density in Children with Overweight/Obesity. Nutrients 2019, 11, 2760. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112760
Gil-Cosano JJ, Gracia-Marco L, Ubago-Guisado E, Migueles JH, Mora-Gonzalez J, Escolano-Margarit MV, Gómez-Vida J, Maldonado J, Ortega FB. Muscular Fitness Mediates the Association between 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Areal Bone Mineral Density in Children with Overweight/Obesity. Nutrients. 2019; 11(11):2760. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112760
Chicago/Turabian StyleGil-Cosano, Jose J., Luis Gracia-Marco, Esther Ubago-Guisado, Jairo H. Migueles, Jose Mora-Gonzalez, María V. Escolano-Margarit, José Gómez-Vida, José Maldonado, and Francisco B. Ortega. 2019. "Muscular Fitness Mediates the Association between 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Areal Bone Mineral Density in Children with Overweight/Obesity" Nutrients 11, no. 11: 2760. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112760