Eating Jet Lag: A Marker of the Variability in Meal Timing and Its Association with Body Mass Index
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design, Settings, Participants, and Protocol
2.2. Eating Period
2.3. Eating Jet Lag
2.4. Anthropometric Parameters
2.5. Sleep and Circadian Parameters
2.6. Lifestyle Variables
2.7. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Differences in the Timing of Food Intake between Weekends and Weekdays among Young Adults
3.2. Increments in the Eating Jet Lag Are Associated with Higher BMI Values among the Population Studied
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Meal Timing Variables | Mean (SD) |
---|---|
Breakfast | |
Weekdays, hh:mm | 08:21 (01:15) |
Weekends, hh:mm | 10:24 (01:08) |
p-value a | <0.001 |
Breakfast jet lag, h | 2.0 (1.2) |
Lunch | |
Weekdays, hh:mm | 14:15 (01:09) |
Weekends, hh:mm | 14:53 (00:58) |
p-value a | <0.001 |
Lunch jet lag, h | 0.9 (0.8) |
Dinner | |
Weekdays, hh:mm | 21:17 (00:47) |
Weekends, hh:mm | 21:32 (00:56) |
p-value a | <0.001 |
Dinner jet lag, h | 0.5 (0.7) |
Eating midpoint | |
Weekdays, h | 15:09 (01:28) |
Weekends, h | 16:01 (01:18) |
p-value a | <0.001 |
Eating jet lag, h | 1.3 (0.9) |
Chronotype (MSF) | Social Jet Lag | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | 95% CI | p-Value a | β | 95% CI | p-Value a | |
Breakfast jet lag | 0.320 | 0.250, 0.0390 | <0.00001 | 0.720 | 0.640, 0.800 | <0.00001 |
Lunch jet lag | 0.100 | 0.061, 0.141 | <0.00001 | 0.049 | 0.002, 0.096 | 0.042 |
Dinner jet lag | 0.073 | 0.061, 0.140 | <0.00001 | 0.072 | 0.038, 0.110 | <0.001 |
Eating jet lag | 0.110 | 0.063, 0.160 | <0.00001 | 0.270 | 0.210, 0.330 | <0.00001 |
Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |
---|---|---|---|
β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | |
Eating jet lag, h | 0.336 (0.132, 0.540) ** | 0.280 (0.080, 0.479) ** | 0.283 (0.073, 0.494) ** |
Nationality (1, Spanish; 2, Mexicans) | 1.671 (1.232, 2.111) ** | 1.621 (1.129, 2.113) *** | |
age, years | 0.239 (0.162, 0.317) *** | 0.237 (0.159, 0.316) *** | |
Gender (1, male; 2, females) | −1.076 (−1.550, −0.603) *** | −1.067 (−1.546, −0.588) *** | |
Physical activity, METs | 0.000 (0.000, 0.000) | 0.000 (0.000, 0.000) | |
Diet quality, z-score | −0.012 (−0.206, 0.182) | 0.013 (−0.192, 0.218) | |
Sleep duration, h | −0.081 (−0.281, 0.120) | −0.094 (−0.300, 0.111) | |
Average eating duration, h | −0.033 (−0.120, 0.054) | ||
Chronotype, MSF | 0.031 (−0.207, 0.268) | ||
Social jet lag, h | −0.034 (−0.320, 0.253) | ||
R2 | 0.009 ** | 0.089 *** | 0.087 *** |
R2 change | 0.009 ** | 0.085 *** | 0.001 |
F change | 10.479 | 17.111 | 0.242 |
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Zerón-Rugerio, M.F.; Hernáez, Á.; Porras-Loaiza, A.P.; Cambras, T.; Izquierdo-Pulido, M. Eating Jet Lag: A Marker of the Variability in Meal Timing and Its Association with Body Mass Index. Nutrients 2019, 11, 2980. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11122980
Zerón-Rugerio MF, Hernáez Á, Porras-Loaiza AP, Cambras T, Izquierdo-Pulido M. Eating Jet Lag: A Marker of the Variability in Meal Timing and Its Association with Body Mass Index. Nutrients. 2019; 11(12):2980. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11122980
Chicago/Turabian StyleZerón-Rugerio, María Fernanda, Álvaro Hernáez, Armida Patricia Porras-Loaiza, Trinitat Cambras, and Maria Izquierdo-Pulido. 2019. "Eating Jet Lag: A Marker of the Variability in Meal Timing and Its Association with Body Mass Index" Nutrients 11, no. 12: 2980. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11122980