Differences in the Quantity and Types of Foods and Beverages Consumed by Canadians between 2004 and 2015
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Source and Analytical Sample
2.2. Food Groupings
2.3. Sample Characteristics
2.4. Energy Misreporting
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographic Characteristics: 2004 vs. 2015
3.2. Energy Intake of Canadians by Energy Reporting Status: 2004 vs. 2015
3.3. Mean Daily Intakes from the Four 2007 CFG Foods Groups: 2004 vs. 2015
4. Vegetables and Fruit
5. Grain Products
6. Milk and Alternatives
7. Meat and Alternatives
7.1. Mean Daily Intakes from Other Foods and Beverages: 2004 vs. 2015
7.2. Relative Percent Change in Food and Beverages Intake from 2004 to 2015
8. Discussion
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Food Groups | Food Subgroups | Food Examples with Examples of Serving Sizes | 2007 CFG Guidance Statements |
---|---|---|---|
Vegetables and fruit | Dark green and orange vegetables | Raw spinach or romaine lettuce (1 cup), sweet potato, carrots (125 mL) | Eat at least one dark green and one orange vegetable each day. |
‘Other’ vegetables | Zucchini, corn, celery, cucumbers (125 mL) | ||
Potatoes | Potatoes (baked, mashed, fried) (125 mL) | ||
Whole fruit | Bananas, apple, pears, grapes (1 fruit or 125 mL) | Have vegetables and fruit more often than juice. | |
Fruit juice | 100% orange juice (125 mL) | ||
Grain products | Non-whole grains | White bread (1 slice or 35 g), white rice (125 mL), pita or tortilla (35 g), corn flakes (35 g) | |
Whole grains | Whole oats or oatmeal (175 mL), whole grain brown or wild rice or pasta (125 mL) | Make at least half of your grain products whole grain each day. | |
Milk and alternatives | Fluid milk and fortified soy-based beverages | Cow’s milk, fortified soy milk, flavored milk (250 mL) | Drink skim, 1%, or 2% milk each day. Have 500 mL (2 cups) of milk every day for adequate vitamin D. |
Other milk products | Plain or flavored yogurt (175 g), cheese (50 g) | ||
Meat and alternatives | Beef, pork, veal, lamb, poultry, game and organ meats | Roasted chicken, turkey, ground beef (75 g) | |
Fish and shellfish | Salmon, shrimp | Eat at least two food guide servings of fish each week. | |
Legumes, nuts and seeds and soy | Peanut butter (30 mL), cooked legumes (175 mL), shelled nuts and seeds (60 mL), tofu (150 g) | Have meat alternatives such as beans, lentils and tofu often. | |
Eggs | Scrambled eggs (2 eggs) | ||
Processed meats | Smoked turkey, salami (75 g) | ||
Other foods 1 | High fat and/or high sugar foods | Candies, chocolate, syrups, sauces, fruit jams | Limit foods and beverages high in calories, fat, sugar or salt (sodium) such as cakes and pastries, chocolate and candies, cookies and granola bars, doughnuts and muffins, ice cream and frozen desserts, French fries, potato chips, nachos and other salty snacks, alcohol, fruit flavored drinks, soft drinks, sports and energy drinks, and sweetened hot or cold drinks. |
Other beverages 1 | High calorie other beverages (>40 kcal/100 g) | Sodas such as Coca Cola©, Sprite© | |
Low calorie other beverages (≤40 kcal/100 g) | Tea and coffee (unsweetened or lightly sweetened), vitamin water, almond milk | ||
Alcohol-containing beverages | Wine, beer |
Survey Cycle | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
2004 | 2015 | |||
Mean | SE | Mean | SE | |
Energy reporting category | ||||
Underreporter (%) | 22.3 | 0.6 | 30.1 * | 0.8 |
Plausible reporter (%) | 60.6 | 0.7 | 60.6 | 0.8 |
Overreporter (%) | 17.1 | 0.6 | 9.3 * | 0.4 |
Survey Cycle | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
2004 | 2015 | |||
Mean | SE | Mean | SE | |
Mean age (years) | 38.6 | 0.1 | 41.4 * | 0.1 |
Sex (% male) | 50.6 | 0.1 | 51.1 | 0.2 |
Location of residence (% urban) | 82.2 | 0.5 | 82.4 | 0.7 |
Ethnicity (% White/Caucasian) 1 | 82.6 | 0.5 | 76.1 * | 0.7 |
Immigrant status (% immigrant) 2 | 19.8 | 0.5 | 23.6 * | 0.8 |
Education (% university graduate) 3 | 34.1 | 0.6 | 45.7 * | 0.9 |
Body Mass Index (BMI), adults ≥ 18 years (kg/m2) 4 | 27.2 | 0.1 | 27.6 * | 0.1 |
Overweight/obese, adults ≥ 18 years (% yes) 4 | 60.8 | 0.9 | 63.3 | 1.1 |
Overweight/obese, children 2–17 years (% yes) 5 | 26.3 | 0.8 | 24.1 | 1.2 |
Smoking status (% yes) 6 | 23.7 | 0.6 | 17.6 * | 0.7 |
Supplement use in past 30 days (% yes) 7 | 40.1 | 0.5 | 45.1 * | 0.7 |
All Energy Reporters | Only Plausible Energy Reporters 1 | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Survey Cycle | Survey Cycle | |||||||||||
2004 | 2015 | Difference | 2004 | 2015 | Difference | |||||||
n = 33,314 | n = 19,408 | n = 12,796 | n = 8227 | |||||||||
Mean | SE | Mean | SE | Mean | 95% CI | Mean | SE | Mean | SE | Mean | 95% CI | |
Daily energy intake, kcal | ||||||||||||
Young children, 2–5 y | 1681 | 19 | 1430 | 22 | −250 * | −306, −195 | 1496 | 14 | 1412 | 20 | −85 * | −132, −37 |
Children, 6–12 y | 2106 | 20 | 1849 | 21 | −256 * | −311, −201 | 1977 | 15 | 1870 | 17 | −106 * | −152, −59 |
Adolescents, 13–17 y | 2452 | 25 | 2115 | 37 | −337 * | −425, −248 | 2301 | 22 | 2170 | 25 | −131 * | −197, −66 |
Adults, 18–54 y | 2219 | 18 | 1977 | 20 | −241 * | −294, −189 | 2263 | 18 | 2194 | 23 | −69 * | −125, −14 |
Older adults, ≥55 y | 1832 | 15 | 1752 | 18 | −80 * | −126, −34 | 1950 | 15 | 1940 | 18 | −10 | −56, 38 |
All ages | 2108 | 11 | 1880 | 12 | −228 * | −260, −195 | 2123 | 10 | 2049 | 14 | −74 * | −107, −41 |
All Energy Reporters | Only Plausible Energy Reporters 1 | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Survey Cycle | Survey Cycle | |||||||||||
2004 | 2015 | Difference | 2004 | 2015 | Difference | |||||||
n = 32,890 | n = 18,447 | n = 12,602 | n = 7833 | |||||||||
Mean | SE | Mean | SE | Mean | 95% CI | Mean | SE | Mean | SE | Mean | 95% CI | |
Total vegetables and fruit, servings | ||||||||||||
Young children, 2–5 y | 4.2 | 0.1 | 4.2 | 0.1 | 0.0 | −0.3, 0.3 | 4.3 | 0.1 | 3.9 | 0.1 | −0.3 | −0.7, 0.1 |
Children, 6–12 y | 4.5 | 0.1 | 4.3 | 0.1 | −0.1 | −0.4, 0.1 | 4.4 | 0.1 | 4.5 | 0.1 | 0.1 | −0.3, 0.4 |
Adolescents, 13–17 y | 4.9 | 0.1 | 4.5 | 0.1 | −0.4 * | −0.7, −0.0 | 4.9 | 0.1 | 4.5 | 0.2 | −0.5 | −0.9, 0.0 |
Adults, 18–54 y | 5.4 | 0.1 | 4.6 | 0.1 | −0.8 * | −1.0, −0.6 | 5.6 | 0.1 | 4.7 | 0.1 | −0.9 * | −1.2, −0.6 |
Older adults, ≥55 y | 5.5 | 0.1 | 4.7 | 0.1 | −0.8 * | −1.0, −0.6 | 5.7 | 0.1 | 5.1 | 0.1 | −0.6 * | −0.9, −0.3 |
All ages | 5.2 | 0.0 | 4.6 | 0.0 | −0.7 *,† | −0.8, −0.5 | 5.4 | 0.1 | 4.7 | 0.1 | −0.6 *,† | −0.8, −0.4 |
Dark green and orange vegetables, servings | ||||||||||||
Young children, 2–5 y | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0, 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −0.0, 0.1 |
Children, 6–12 y | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −0.0, 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.1 * | 0.0, 0.1 |
Adolescents, 13–17 y | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.1 * | 0.0, 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.1 | −0.0, 0.2 |
Adults, 18–54 y | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.1 * | 0.1, 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.1 | −0.0, 0.2 |
Older adults, ≥55 y | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −0.1, 0.1 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −0.1, 0.1 |
All ages | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.1 * | 0.0, 0.1 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.1 | −0.0, 0.1 |
Other vegetables, servings | ||||||||||||
Young children, 2–5 y | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −0.1, 0.1 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.0 | −0.2, 0.2 |
Children, 6–12 y | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −0.1, 0.1 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 * | 0.0, 0.3 |
Adolescents, 13–17 y | 1.3 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.0 | −0.2 * | −0.4, −0.1 | 1.2 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 0.1 | −0.2 * | −0.4, −0.1 |
Adults, 18–54 y | 1.8 | 0.0 | 1.4 | 0.0 | −0.5 * | −0.6, −0.4 | 1.9 | 0.1 | 1.4 | 0.1 | −0.5 * | −0.6, −0.3 |
Older adults, ≥55 y | 1.8 | 0.0 | 1.3 | 0.0 | −0.5 * | −0.6, −0.3 | 1.8 | 0.1 | 1.5 | 0.1 | −0.3 * | −0.5, −0.2 |
All ages | 1.7 | 0.0 | 1.3 | 0.0 | −0.4 *,† | −0.5, −0.3 | 1.6 | 0.0 | 1.3 | 0.0 | −0.3 *,† | −0.4, −0.2 |
Potatoes, servings | ||||||||||||
Young children, 2–5 y | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | −0.1 * | −0.2, −0.0 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | −0.1 | −0.2, 0.0 |
Children, 6–12 y | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.0 | −0.2 * | −0.2, −0.1 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.0 | −0.2 * | −0.3, −0.1 |
Adolescents, 13–17 y | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 0.1 | −0.2 * | −0.3, −0.1 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 0.1 | −0.2 * | −0.3, −0.0 |
Adults, 18–54 y | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.0 | −0.2 * | −0.2, −0.1 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.0 | −0.1 * | −0.2, −0.0 |
Older adults, ≥55 y | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −0.1, 0.1 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −0.1, 0.2 |
All ages | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.0 | −0.1 * | −0.2, −0.1 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 0.0 | −0.1 * | −0.2, −0.0 |
Whole fruit, servings | ||||||||||||
Young children, 2–5 y | 1.3 | 0.1 | 1.8 | 0.1 | 0.4 * | 0.2, 0.6 | 1.5 | 0.1 | 1.6 | 0.1 | 0.2 | −0.1, 0.5 |
Children, 6–12 y | 1.3 | 0.1 | 1.5 | 0.1 | 0.2 * | 0.0, 0.3 | 1.4 | 0.1 | 1.5 | 0.1 | 0.2 | −0.1, 0.4 |
Adolescents, 13–17 y | 1.0 | 0.4 | 1.3 | 0.1 | 0.2 * | 0.0, 0.4 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 0.1 | 0.2 * | 0.0, 0.5 |
Adults, 18–54 y | 1.3 | 0.0 | 1.2 | 0.0 | −0.1 | −0.2, 0.1 | 1.4 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 0.1 | −0.1 | −0.3, 0.1 |
Older adults, ≥55 y | 1.5 | 0.0 | 1.4 | 0.0 | −0.1 | −0.2, 0.0 | 1.5 | 0.1 | 1.5 | 0.1 | −0.1 | −0.2, 0.1 |
All ages | 1.3 | 0.0 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 † | −0.1, 0.1 | 1.4 | 0.1 | 1.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 † | −0.1, 0.1 |
Fruit juices, servings | ||||||||||||
Young children, 2–5 y | 1.4 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 0.1 | −0.4 * | −0.6, −0.2 | 1.4 | 0.1 | 0.9 | 0.1 | −0.4 * | −0.7, −0.2 |
Children, 6–12 y | 1.2 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.0 | −0.1 * | −0.3, −0.0 | 1.2 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 0.1 | −0.1 | −0.3, 0.0 |
Adolescents, 13–17 y | 1.3 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 0.1 | −0.3 * | −0.5, −0.1 | 1.5 | 0.1 | 1.1 | 0.1 | −0.4 * | −0.7, −0.1 |
Adults, 18–54 y | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.0 | −0.2 * | −0.3, −0.2 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 0.1 | −0.2 * | −0.4, −0.1 |
Older adults, ≥55 y | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.0 | −0.2 * | −0.3, −0.1 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.0 | −0.3 * | −0.4, −0.2 |
All ages | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.0 | −0.2 *,† | −0.3, −0.2 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 0.0 | −0.2 * | −0.3, −0.2 |
Total grain products, servings | ||||||||||||
Young children, 2–5 y | 4.5 | 0.1 | 4.6 | 0.1 | −0.2 | −0.1, 0.4 | 4.3 | 0.1 | 4.6 | 0.1 | 0.3 * | 0.0, 0.7 |
Children, 6–12 y | 6.4 | 0.1 | 7.1 | 0.1 | 0.7 * | 0.4, 0.9 | 6.2 | 0.1 | 6.9 | 0.1 | 0.7 * | 0.5, 1.0 |
Adolescents, 13–17 y | 7.2 | 0.1 | 7.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | −0.2, 0.3 | 7.1 | 0.1 | 7.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | −0.3, 0.5 |
Adults, 18–54 y | 6.1 | 0.1 | 5.9 | 0.1 | −0.2 | −0.4, 0.0 | 6.6 | 0.1 | 6.3 | 0.1 | −0.3 | −0.6, 0.1 |
Older adults, ≥55 y | 5.2 | 0.1 | 5.1 | 0.1 | −0.1 | −0.3, 0.1 | 5.7 | 0.1 | 5.7 | 0.1 | −0.1 | −0.3, 0.2 |
All ages | 5.9 | 0.0 | 5.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 † | −0.2, 0.1 | 6.2 | 0.1 | 6.2 | 0.1 | 0.0 † | −0.2, 0.2 |
Whole grains, servings | ||||||||||||
Young children, 2–5 y | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 0.0 | −0.1, 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 0.2 | −0.0, 0.3 |
Children, 6–12 y | 0.9 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | −0.0, 0.2 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 1.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | −0.1, 0.3 |
Adolescents, 13–17 y | 0.9 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 * | 0.0, 0.4 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 0.4 * | 0.1, 0.6 |
Adults, 18–54 y | 1.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −0.2, 0.1 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | −0.1, 0.2 |
Older adults, ≥55 y | 1.1 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.0 | -0.1 | −0.2, 0.0 | 1.2 | 0.1 | 1.1 | 0.1 | −0.1 | −0.2, 0.1 |
All ages | 1.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 † | −0.0, 0.1 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0, 0.2 |
Non-whole grains, servings | ||||||||||||
Young children, 2–5 y | 3.7 | 0.1 | 3.8 | 0.1 | 0.1 | −0.1, 0.3 | 3.6 | 0.1 | 3.8 | 0.1 | 0.2 | −0.2, 0.5 |
Children, 6–12 y | 5.5 | 0.1 | 6.0 | 0.1 | 0.5 * | 0.3, 0.8 | 5.2 | 0.1 | 5.8 | 0.1 | 0.6 * | 0.3, 0.9 |
Adolescents, 13–17 y | 6.2 | 0.1 | 6.1 | 0.1 | −0.1 | −0.4, 0.2 | 6.2 | 0.1 | 6.0 | 0.1 | −0.2 | −0.4, 0.2 |
Adults, 18–54 y | 6.2 | 0.1 | 6.0 | 0.2 | −0.2 | −0.6, 0.2 | 5.2 | 0.1 | 5.0 | 0.1 | −0.2 * | −0.4, −0.0 |
Older adults, ≥55 y | 4.1 | 0.1 | 4.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | −0.2, 0.1 | 4.5 | 0.1 | 4.5 | 0.1 | 0.0 | −0.3, 0.3 |
All ages | 4.9 | 0.0 | 4.8 | 0.0 | −0.1 | −0.2, 0.0 | 5.2 | 0.1 | 5.1 | 0.1 | −0.1 † | −0.3, 0.1 |
Milk & alternatives, servings | ||||||||||||
Young children, 2–5 y | 2.4 | 0.0 | 2.5 | 0.1 | 0.1 | −0.1, 0.2 | 2.2 | 0.1 | 2.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | −0.2, 0.3 |
Children, 6–12 y | 2.5 | 0.0 | 2.3 | 0.0 | −0.1 * | −0.3, −0.0 | 2.4 | 0.1 | 2.3 | 0.1 | -0.1 | −0.3, 0.1 |
Adolescents, 13–17 y | 2.4 | 0.0 | 2.4 | 0.1 | 0.0 | −0.1, 0.2 | 2.4 | 0.1 | 2.3 | 0.1 | -0.1 | −0.3, 0.2 |
Adults, 18–54 y | 1.7 | 0.0 | 1.6 | 0.0 | -0.1 | −0.2, 0.0 | 1.8 | 0.0 | 1.7 | 0.1 | −0.1 | −0.3, 0.0 |
Older adults, ≥55 y | 1.4 | 0.0 | 1.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −0.1, 0.1 | 1.6 | 0.0 | 1.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −0.1, 0.1 |
All ages | 1.7 | 0.0 | 1.7 | −0.1 | −0.1 *,† | −0.1, −0.0 | 1.9 | 0.0 | 1.8 | 0.0 | −0.1 * | −0.2, -0.0 |
Fluid milk, servings | ||||||||||||
Young children, 2–5 y | 1.6 | 0.0 | 1.4 | 0.1 | −0.2 * | −0.3, −0.0 | 1.4 | 0.1 | 1.2 | 0.1 | −0.2 * | −0.4, −0.0 |
Children, 6–12 y | 1.4 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 0.0 | −0.3 * | −0.4, −0.2 | 1.4 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 0.0 | −0.3 * | −0.4, −0.1 |
Adolescents, 13–17 y | 1.4 | 0.0 | 1.2 | 0.0 | −0.2 * | −0.3, −0.1 | 1.4 | 0.1 | 1.1 | 0.1 | −0.2 * | −0.4, −0.1 |
Adults, 18–54 y | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 0.0 | −0.1 * | −0.2, −0.1 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 0.0 | −0.2 * | −0.3, −0.1 |
Older adults, ≥55 y | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.0 | −0.2 * | −0.2, −0.1 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 0.0 | −0.2 * | −0.3, −0.1 |
All ages | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 0.0 | −0.1 *,† | −0.2, −0.1 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 0.0 | −0.2 * | −0.2, −0.1 |
Other milk products (yogurt, cheese), servings | ||||||||||||
Young children, 2–5 y | 0.9 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 * | 0.1, 0.3 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 0.3 * | 0.1, 0.4 |
Children, 6–12 y | 1.0 | 0.0 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 0.1 * | 0.1, 0.2 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 0.0 | 0.2 * | 0.0, 0.3 |
Adolescents, 13–17 y | 1.0 | 0.0 | 1.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 * | 0.1, 0.3 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | −0.1, 0.3 |
Adults, 18–54 y | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −0.0, 0.1 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −0.1, 0.2 |
Older adults, ≥55 y | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.1 * | 0.1, 0.2 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.1 * | 0.0, 0.2 |
All ages | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.1 * | 0.0, 0.1 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 * | 0.0, 0.2 |
Meat and alternatives, servings | ||||||||||||
Young children, 2–5 y | 1.1 | 0.0 | 1.3 | 0.1 | 0.2 * | 0.1, 0.4 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | −0.0, 0.3 |
Children, 6–12 y | 1.6 | 0.0 | 1.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −0.1, 0.1 | 1.6 | 0.0 | 1.6 | 0.1 | 0.0 | −0.1, 0.1 |
Adolescents, 13–17 y | 2.1 | 0.0 | 2.3 | 0.1 | 0.2 * | 0.0, 0.3 | 2.0 | 0.1 | 2.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | −0.0, 0.4 |
Adults, 18–54 y | 2.5 | 0.0 | 2.7 | 0.0 | 0.3 * | 0.2, 0.4 | 2.5 | 0.1 | 2.9 | 0.1 | 0.5 * | 0.2, 0.7 |
Older adults, ≥55 y | 2.2 | 0.0 | 2.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −0.1, 0.1 | 2.4 | 0.0 | 2.3 | 0.1 | −0.2 * | −0.3, −0.0 |
All ages | 2.2 | 0.0 | 2.4 | 0.0 | 0.2 *,† | 0.1, 0.2 | 2.3 | 0.0 | 2.5 | 0.0 | 0.2 *,† | 0.1, 0.3 |
Meat and poultry, servings | ||||||||||||
Young children, 2–5 y | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −0.0, 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.0 | −0.1, 0.1 |
Children, 6–12 y | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 0.0 | −0.1 | −0.1, 0.0 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 0.0 | −0.1 | −0.2, 0.0 |
Adolescents, 13–17 y | 1.3 | 0.0 | 1.3 | 0.1 | 0.0 | −0.1, 0.1 | 1.2 | 0.1 | 1.2 | 0.1 | 0.0 | −0.2, 0.1 |
Adults, 18–54 y | 1.4 | 0.0 | 1.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −0.1, 0.2 | 1.3 | 0.1 | 1.6 | 0.1 | 0.2 * | 0.0, 0.5 |
Older adults, ≥55 y | 1.1 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.0 | −0.1 * | −0.2, −0.0 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.0 | −0.3 * | −0.4, −0.1 |
All ages | 1.2 | 0.0 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 † | −0.1, 0.1 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 0.1 † | −0.1, 0.2 |
Fish and shellfish, servings | ||||||||||||
Young children, 2–5 y | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 * | 0.0, 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0, 0.1 |
Children, 6–12 y | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0, 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −0.1, 0.0 |
Adolescents, 13–17 y | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0, 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −0.0, 0.1 |
Adults, 18–54 y | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −0.0, 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −0.1, 0.0 |
Older adults, ≥55 y | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −0.1, 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −0.1, 0.0 |
All ages | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 † | −0.0, 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −0.0, 0.0 |
Legumes, nuts and seeds, servings | ||||||||||||
Young children, 2–5 y | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.1 | −0.0, 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −0.0, 0.1 |
Children, 6–12 y | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −0.1, 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0, 0.1 |
Adolescents, 13–17 y | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.1 * | 0.0, 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | −0.0, 0.3 |
Adults, 18–54 y | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.1 * | 0.1, 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.1 * | 0.0, 0.2 |
Older adults, ≥55 y | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.1 | −0.0, 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.1 | −0.0, 0.2 |
All ages | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.1 * | 0.1, 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.1 * | 0.0, 0.1 |
Eggs, servings | ||||||||||||
Young children, 2–5 y | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −0.0, 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −0.0, 0.0 |
Children, 6–12 y | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −0.0, 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −0.0, 0.1 |
Adolescents, 13–17 y | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.1 * | 0.0, 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.1 * | 0.0, 0.1 |
Adults, 18–54 y | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.1 * | 0.0, 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.1 * | 0.0, 0.1 |
Older adults, ≥55 y | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 * | 0.0, 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −0.0, 0.1 |
All ages | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 * | 0.0, 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.1 * | 0.0, 0.1 |
Processed meats, servings | ||||||||||||
Young children, 2–5 y | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.1 | −0.0, 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −0.1, 0.1 |
Children, 6–12 y | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −0.0, 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −0.0, 0.1 |
Adolescents, 13–17 y | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −0.0, 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −0.1, 0.1 |
Adults, 18–54 y | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −0.0, 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −0.0, 0.1 |
Older adults, ≥55 y | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −0.0, 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −0.0, 0.1 |
All ages | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 * | 0.0, 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −0.0, 0.1 |
High fat &/or high sugar foods, kcal | ||||||||||||
Young children, 2–5 y | 89 | 5 | 88 | 5 | −2 | −15, 12 | 82 | 6 | 93 | 8 | 11 | −9, 32 |
Children, 6–12 y | 153 | 4 | 148 | 6 | 5 | −9, 19 | 145 | 6 | 131 | 7 | −12 | −29, 6 |
Adolescents, 13–17 y | 166 | 7 | 178 | 10 | 12 | −11, 35 | 145 | 7 | 157 | 10 | 12 | −14, 37 |
Adults, 18–54 y | 132 | 3 | 138 | 5 | 6 | −6, 19 | 143 | 6 | 140 | 6 | −3 | −19, 13 |
Older adults, ≥55 y | 104 | 3 | 115 | 4 | 12 * | 3, 21 | 112 | 4 | 125 | 6 | 13 | −2, 28 |
All ages | 126 | 2 | 133 | 3 | 7 † | 0, 15 | 132 | 3 | 134 | 4 | 2 | −8, 11 |
High-calorie beverages (>40 kcal/100g), kcal | ||||||||||||
Young children, 2–5 y | 66 | 3 | 17 | 2 | −49 * | −57, −42 | 57 | 4 | 17 | 3 | −41 * | −51, −31 |
Children, 6–12 y | 108 | 3 | 51 | 3 | −58 * | −65, −50 | 109 | 4 | 46 | 3 | −63 * | −73, −52 |
Adolescents, 13–17 y | 169 | 5 | 96 | 6 | −73 * | −88, −58 | 159 | 6 | 90 | 7 | −69 * | −88, −50 |
Adults, 18–54 y | 91 | 2 | 62 | 3 | −30 * | −37, −21 | 103 | 5 | 64 | 5 | −38 * | −51, −25 |
Older adults, ≥55 y | 40 | 2 | 28 | 2 | −12 * | −17, −6 | 42 | 3 | 26 | 2 | −16 * | −23, −9 |
All ages | 83 | 2 | 52 | 2 | −32 *,† | −36, −27 | 91 | 2 | 52 | 2 | −39 *,† | −46, −32 |
Low-calorie beverages (≤40 kcal/100 g), kcal | ||||||||||||
Young children, 2–5 y | 9 | 1 | 8 | 2 | −1 | −5, 2 | 9 | 2 | 11 | 3 | 2 | −4, 8 |
Children, 6–12 y | 15 | 1 | 17 | 1 | 2 | −2, 5 | 15 | 1 | 14 | 1 | −1 | −5, 3 |
Adolescents, 13–17 y | 25 | 2 | 33 | 3 | 8 * | 2, 15 | 25 | 3 | 36 | 4 | 11 * | 1, 20 |
Adults, 18–54 y | 25 | 1 | 25 | 2 | −1 | −6, 6 | 26 | 2 | 25 | 4 | −1 | −12, 10 |
Older adults, ≥55 y | 19 | 1 | 18 | 1 | −1 | −4, 2 | 20 | 2 | 21 | 2 | 1 | −5, 6 |
All ages | 22 | 1 | 22 | 1 | 0 | −3, 3 | 23 | 1 | 23 | 2 | 0 | −6, 6 |
Alcohol-containing beverages, kcal | ||||||||||||
Adolescents, 13–17 y | 5 | 1 | 7 | 2 | 2 | −4, 8 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 1 | −1 | −5, 2 |
Adults, 18–54 y | 88 | 4 | 101 | 6 | 13 | −1, 27 | 92 | 6 | 105 | 8 | 12 | −8, 32 |
Older adults, ≥55 y | 63 | 3 | 89 | 5 | 26 * | 15, 37 | 73 | 6 | 88 | 8 | 15 | −4, 34 |
All ages | 74 | 2 | 90 | 4 | 16 * | 7, 25 | 79 | 4 | 91 | 6 | 13 | −1, 26 |
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Tugault-Lafleur, C.N.; Black, J.L. Differences in the Quantity and Types of Foods and Beverages Consumed by Canadians between 2004 and 2015. Nutrients 2019, 11, 526. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11030526
Tugault-Lafleur CN, Black JL. Differences in the Quantity and Types of Foods and Beverages Consumed by Canadians between 2004 and 2015. Nutrients. 2019; 11(3):526. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11030526
Chicago/Turabian StyleTugault-Lafleur, Claire N., and Jennifer L. Black. 2019. "Differences in the Quantity and Types of Foods and Beverages Consumed by Canadians between 2004 and 2015" Nutrients 11, no. 3: 526. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11030526
APA StyleTugault-Lafleur, C. N., & Black, J. L. (2019). Differences in the Quantity and Types of Foods and Beverages Consumed by Canadians between 2004 and 2015. Nutrients, 11(3), 526. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11030526