Mothers’ Vegetable Consumption Behaviors and Preferences as Factors Limiting the Possibility of Increasing Vegetable Consumption in Children in a National Sample of Polish and Romanian Respondents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethical Statement
2.2. Studied Sample
2.3. Methods
- The general frequency of consumption of vegetables—based on the answer to the open-ended question about the number of servings of raw and processed vegetables consumed by them per day (self-reported);
- The previous day’s frequency of consumption of vegetables—based on the 24 h dietary recall of the mothers’ vegetable intake (self-reported);
- Preferred vegetables—based on the answer to the open-ended question to list the vegetables most preferred by them (self-reported);
- Consumed vegetables—based on the 24 h dietary recall of the mothers’ vegetable intake (self-reported).
- The general frequency of consumption of vegetables—based on the answer to the open-ended question about the number of servings of raw and processed vegetables consumed per day by their children (reported by the mothers);
- The previous day’s frequency of consumption of vegetables—based on the 24 h dietary recall of the vegetable intake of the children (reported by the mothers);
- Preferred vegetables—based on the answer to the open-ended question to list the vegetables most preferred by their children (reported by the mothers);
- Consumed vegetables—based on the 24 h dietary recall of vegetable intake by children (reported by the mothers).
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Analysis of the Association between the Quantity of Vegetables Consumed and Preferred by Mothers and Their Children
3.2. Analysis of the Association between the Variety of Vegetables Consumed and Preferred by Mothers and Their Children
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Analyzed Correlation | p-Value a | R | |
---|---|---|---|
Polish mother–child pairs (n = 1200) | general daily frequency | <0.0001 | 0.6522 |
previous day frequency | <0.0001 | 0.4172 | |
Romanian mother–child pairs (n = 1157) | general daily frequency | <0.0001 | 0.6573 |
previous day frequency | <0.0001 | 0.3897 |
Analyzed Correlation | p-Value a | R | |
---|---|---|---|
Polish mother–child pairs (n = 1200) | number of vegetables indicated as consumed | <0.0001 | 0.5418 |
number of vegetables indicated as preferred | <0.0001 | 0.2872 | |
Romanian mother–child pairs (n = 1157) | number of vegetables indicated as consumed | <0.0001 | 0.5433 |
number of vegetables indicated as preferred | <0.0001 | 0.3878 |
Vegetable a | Mothers Consuming the Specified Vegetable b | Mothers not Consuming the Specified Vegetable b | p-Value c | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reporting their Children as also Consuming | Reporting their Children as not Consuming | Reporting their Children as Consuming | Reporting their Children as also not Consuming | ||
Carrot (n = 592; n = 608) | 446 (75.3%) | 146 (24.7%) | 141 (23.2%) | 467 (76.8%) | <0.0001 |
Tomato (n = 393; n = 807) | 231 (58.8%) | 162 (41.2%) | 349 (43.2%) | 458 (56.8%) | <0.0001 |
Cucumber (n = 325; n = 875) | 196 (60.3%) | 129 (39.7%) | 330 (37.7%) | 545 (62.3%) | <0.0001 |
Cabbage (n = 167; n = 1033) | 90 (53.9%) | 77 (46.1%) | 64 (6.2%) | 969 (93.8%) | <0.0001 |
Pepper (n = 133; n = 1067) | 44 (33.1%) | 89 (66.9%) | 32 (3.0%) | 1035 (97.0%) | <0.0001 |
Lettuce (n = 120; n = 1080) | 48 (40.0%) | 72 (60.0%) | 48 (4.4%) | 1032 (95.6%) | <0.0001 |
Celery (n = 103; n = 1097) | 40 (38.8%) | 63 (61.2%) | 25 (2.3%) | 1072 (97.7%) | <0.0001 |
Beetroot (n = 103; n = 1097) | 73 (70.9%) | 30 (29.1%) | 52 (4.7%) | 1045 (95.3%) | <0.0001 |
Onion (n = 97; n = 1103) | 47 (48.5%) | 50 (51.5%) | 34 (3.1%) | 1069 (96.9%) | <0.0001 |
Broccoli (n = 88; n = 1112) | 38 (43.2%) | 50 (56.8%) | 16 (1.4%) | 1096 (98.6%) | <0.0001 |
Cauliflower (n = 66; n = 1134) | 34 (51.5%) | 32 (48.5%) | 32 (2.8%) | 1102 (97.2%) | <0.0001 |
Chinese cabbage (n = 45; n = 1155) | 20 (44.4%) | 25 (55.6%) | 15 (1.3%) | 1140 (98.7%) | <0.0001 |
Green peas (n = 38; n = 1162) | 18 (47.4%) | 20 (52.6%) | 19 (1.6%) | 1143 (98.4%) | <0.0001 |
Beans (n = 27; n = 1173) | 11 (40.7%) | 16 (59.3%) | 12 (1%) | 1161 (99%) | <0.0001 |
Zucchini (n = 23; n = 1177) | 13 (56.5%) | 10 (43.5%) | 2 (0.2%) | 1175 (99.8%) | <0.0001 |
Eggplant (n = 5; n = 1195) | 3 (60.0%) | 2 (40.0%) | 1 (0.1%) | 1194 (99.9%) | <0.0001 |
Vegetable a | Mothers Consuming the Specified Vegetable b | Mothers not Consuming the Specified Vegetable b | p-Value c | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reporting their Children as also Consuming | Reporting their Children as not Consuming | Reporting their Children as Consuming | Reporting their Children as also not Consuming | ||
Carrot (n = 568; n = 589) | 430 (75.7%) | 138 (24.3%) | 135 (22.9%) | 454 (77.1%) | <0.0001 |
Pepper (n = 429; n = 728) | 254 (59.2%) | 175 (40.8%) | 102 (14.0%) | 626 (86.0%) | <0.0001 |
Tomato (n = 406; n = 751) | 243 (59.9%) | 163 (40.1%) | 93 (12.4%) | 658 (87.6%) | <0.0001 |
Onion (n = 324; n = 833) | 177 (54.6%) | 147 (45.4%) | 73 (8.8%) | 760 (91.2%) | <0.0001 |
Cucumber (n = 200; n = 957) | 116 (58.0%) | 84 (42.0%) | 81 (8.5%) | 876 (91.5%) | <0.0001 |
Celery (n = 191; n = 966) | 104 (54.5%) | 87 (45.5%) | 60 (6.2%) | 906 (93.8%) | <0.0001 |
Cabbage (n = 103; n = 1054) | 56 (54.4%) | 47 (45.6%) | 44 (4.2%) | 1010 (95.8%) | <0.0001 |
Beans (n = 91; n = 1066) | 44 (48.4%) | 47 (51.6%) | 26 (2.4%) | 1040 (97.6%) | <0.0001 |
Green peas (n = 63; n = 1094) | 42 (66.7%) | 21 (33.3%) | 27 (2.5%) | 1067 (97.5%) | <0.0001 |
Eggplant (n = 61; n = 1096) | 26 (42.6%) | 35 (57.4%) | 17 (1.6%) | 1079 (98.4%) | <0.0001 |
Zucchini (n = 49; n = 1108) | 23 (46.9%) | 26 (53.1%) | 27 (2.4%) | 1081 (97.6%) | <0.0001 |
Lettuce (n = 51; n = 1106) | 18 (35.3%) | 33 (64.7%) | 20 (1.8%) | 1086 (98.2%) | <0.0001 |
Cauliflower (n = 35; n = 1122) | 16 (45.7%) | 19 (54.3%) | 16 (1.4%) | 1106 (98.6%) | <0.0001 |
Broccoli (n = 27; n = 1130) | 17 (63.0%) | 10 (37.0%) | 13 (1.2%) | 1117 (98.8%) | <0.0001 |
Beetroot (n = 22; n = 1135) | 15 (68.2%) | 7 (31.8%) | 17 (1.5%) | 1118 (98.5%) | <0.0001 |
Vegetable a | Mothers Indicating the Specified Vegetable as the Most Preferred | Mothers not Indicating the Specified Vegetable as the Most Preferred | p-Value b | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reporting their Children as also Preferring | Reporting their Children as not Preferring | Reporting their Children as Preferring | Reporting their Children as also not Preferring | ||
Carrot (n = 665; n = 535) | 493 (74.1%) | 172 (25.9%) | 251 (46.9%) | 284 (53.1%) | <0.0001 |
Tomato (n = 576; n = 624) | 342 (59.4%) | 234 (40.6%) | 222 (35.6%) | 402 (64.4%) | <0.0001 |
Cucumber (n = 433; n = 767) | 313 (72.3%) | 120 (27.7%) | 345 (45.0%) | 422 (55.0%) | <0.0001 |
Broccoli (n = 279; n = 921) | 97 (34.8%) | 182 (65.2%) | 112 (12.2%) | 809 (87.8%) | <0.0001 |
Cauliflower (n = 269; n = 931) | 123 (45.7%) | 146 (54.3%) | 192 (20.6%) | 739 (79.4%) | <0.0001 |
Beetroot (n = 205; n = 995) | 88 (42.9%) | 117 (57.1%) | 236 (23.7%) | 759 (76.3%) | <0.0001 |
Cabbage (n = 191; n = 1009) | 71 (37.2%) | 120 (62.8%) | 154 (15.3%) | 855 (84.7%) | <0.0001 |
Lettuce (n = 181; n = 1010) | 58 (32.0%) | 123 (68%) | 166 (16.3%) | 853 (83.7%) | <0.0001 |
Pepper (n = 153; n = 1047) | 56 (36.6%) | 97 (63.4%) | 143 (13.7%) | 904 (86.3%) | <0.0001 |
Beans (n = 92; n = 1108) | 41 (44.6%) | 51 (55.4%) | 133 (12.0%) | 975 (88.0%) | <0.0001 |
Chinese cabbage (n = 77; n = 1123) | 21 (27.3%) | 56 (72.7%) | 147 (13.1%) | 976 (86.9%) | 0.0010 |
Celery (n = 77; n = 1123) | 15 (19.5%) | 62 (80.5%) | 48 (4.3%) | 1075 (95.7%) | <0.0001 |
Onion (n = 71; n = 1129) | 14 (19.7%) | 57 (80.3%) | 79 (7.0%) | 1050 (93.0%) | 0.0003 |
Zucchini (n = 62; n = 1138) | 12 (19.4%) | 50 (80.6%) | 86 (7.6%) | 1052 (92.4%) | 0.0022 |
Green peas (n = 48; n = 1152) | 21 (43.8%) | 27 (56.3%) | 146 (12.7%) | 1006 (87.3%) | <0.0001 |
Eggplant (n = 24; n = 1176) | 4 (16.7%) | 20 (83.3%) | 15 (1.3%) | 1161 (98.7%) | <0.0001 |
Vegetable a | Mothers Indicating the Specified Vegetable as the Most Preferred | Mothers not Indicating the Specified Vegetable as the Most Preferred | p-Value b | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reporting their Children as also Preferring | Reporting their Children as not Preferring | Reporting their Children as Preferring | Reporting their Children as also not Preferring | ||
Tomato (n = 571; n = 586) | 289 (50.6%) | 282 (49.4%) | 108 (18.4%) | 478 (81.6%) | <0.0001 |
Carrot (n = 447; n = 710) | 328 (73.4%) | 119 (26.6%) | 272 (38.3%) | 438 (61.7%) | <0.0001 |
Pepper (n = 378; n = 779) | 136 (36.0%) | 242 (64.0%) | 111 (14.2%) | 668 (85.8%) | <0.0001 |
Cucumber (n = 341; n = 816) | 191 (56.0%) | 150 (44.0%) | 184 (22.5%) | 632 (77.5%) | <0.0001 |
Cabbage (n = 157; n = 1000) | 60 (38.2%) | 97 (61.8%) | 81 (8.1%) | 919 (91.9%) | <0.0001 |
Eggplant (n = 140; n = 1017) | 32 (22.9%) | 108 (77.1%) | 34 (3.3%) | 983 (96.7%) | <0.0001 |
Onion (n = 130; n = 1027) | 30 (23.1%) | 100 (76.9%) | 43 (4.2%) | 984 (95.8%) | <0.0001 |
Cauliflower (n = 105; n = 1052) | 16 (15.2%) | 89 (84.8%) | 29 (2.8%) | 1023 (97.2%) | <0.0001 |
Beans (n = 91; n = 1066) | 24 (26.4%) | 67 (73.6%) | 32 (3%) | 1034 (97%) | <0.0001 |
Lettuce (n = 87; n = 1070) | 17 (19.5%) | 70 (80.5%) | 25 (2.3%) | 1045 (97.7%) | <0.0001 |
Celery (n = 87; n = 1070) | 14 (16.1%) | 73 (83.9%) | 14 (1.3%) | 1056 (98.7%) | <0.0001 |
Green peas (n = 69; n = 1088) | 24 (34.8%) | 45 (65.2%) | 33 (3%) | 1055 (97%) | <0.0001 |
Zucchini (n = 64; n = 1093) | 20 (31.3%) | 44 (68.8%) | 23 (2.1%) | 1070 (97.9%) | <0.0001 |
Broccoli (n = 63; n = 1094) | 20 (31.7%) | 43 (68.3%) | 14 (1.3%) | 1080 (98.7%) | <0.0001 |
Beetroot (n = 35; n = 1122) | 7 (20.0%) | 28 (80.0%) | 16 (1.4%) | 1106 (98.6%) | <0.0001 |
Chinese cabbage (n = 1; n = 1156) | 1 (100.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1156 (100.0%) | <0.0001 |
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Groele, B.; Głąbska, D.; Gutkowska, K.; Guzek, D. Mothers’ Vegetable Consumption Behaviors and Preferences as Factors Limiting the Possibility of Increasing Vegetable Consumption in Children in a National Sample of Polish and Romanian Respondents. Nutrients 2019, 11, 1078. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11051078
Groele B, Głąbska D, Gutkowska K, Guzek D. Mothers’ Vegetable Consumption Behaviors and Preferences as Factors Limiting the Possibility of Increasing Vegetable Consumption in Children in a National Sample of Polish and Romanian Respondents. Nutrients. 2019; 11(5):1078. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11051078
Chicago/Turabian StyleGroele, Barbara, Dominika Głąbska, Krystyna Gutkowska, and Dominika Guzek. 2019. "Mothers’ Vegetable Consumption Behaviors and Preferences as Factors Limiting the Possibility of Increasing Vegetable Consumption in Children in a National Sample of Polish and Romanian Respondents" Nutrients 11, no. 5: 1078. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11051078